Mabo Vs Queensland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mabo Vs Queensland - Essay ExampleAs such, the successive governments had made no endeavour to evince a system of national land rights. This undesirable situation was rectified by the Australian highschool butterfly, which relied upon its constitutional authority to declare land rights (Keon-Cohen, 2000 893).The decision in Mabo (No 1) in conjunction with international commitments to racial equality and the just terms protection under the Australian Constitution, and the national bill for compulsory acquirement of native title, engendered new property rights. The Mabo (No 2) decision provided various opportunities to the government to ensure land justice (Keon-Cohen, 2000 893).However, these opportunities were emaciated by the government. A political solution to this issue was made available in the federal, State, and Territory statutory turning aways relating to land rights (Keon-Cohen, 2000 893). However, these schemes have effectively distorted the judgement in Mabo (No 2) an d served to distance it from the common law.The extant political solutions for this long standing national issue are irrational, and it is in this depressing environment that the High Courts judgement proves to be welcome. Moreover, the legislative solutions, in respect of this predicament have proved to be defective and there are serious administrative lapses in the implementation of the legislative solution (Keon-Cohen, 2000 893). The scheme provides more opportunities to Crown grantees rather than the indigenous people and makes no attempt to reconcile the differences between the bear upon parties.The Mabo decision served to rescind the principle of terra nullius. This doctrine enabled the Crown to appropriate property that was uninhabited. However, this principle was extended by the common law to apply to the lands of the indigenous peoples. This unjust act was sought to be justified by the falsely claiming that the Aboriginals were uncivilised barbarians, and that there was no thing amoral in

Total Productive Maintenance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Total originative guardianship - Essay ExampleHowever in order to undertake an effective Total Productive sustainment process some important factors should be taken into consideration. It is important to understand both the potential rewards and the associated risks. The master(prenominal) aim of this paper is to summarize what has been written so far about the Total Productive livelihood process and to propose a methodological approach in order to conduct a explore concerning this issue. The paper is also aimed at analyzing and testing the effectiveness of the contributing factors in the implementation of the Total Productive Maintenance process.TPM is combination the ideas of people operating the equipment and people maintaining it (Robert, 2002). Maintenance affects all aspects of business effectiveness - risk, safety, environmental sustainability achieved, energy efficiency, and product quality and node service, i.e. not just plant availability and costs. Downtime has alw ays touched adversely the capability of physical assets by reducing output, increasing operating costs and lowering customer service (Moubray, 2000)It was also found that the TPM facilitator must be motivated and proactive to make best make use of of their meetings with perplexity, promote TPM and implement the shooting received. They must also be persuasive and have the ability to perambulator and train people in the TPM methodology (Ireland & Dale, 2006)In order to implement a successful TPM it is important to keep a data of the problems occurred in the equipment, the down time and the solution provided (Besterfield, Michna, Besterfield & Sacre). Hence the first real hypothesis isH1 The successful implementation of TPM is dependent upon the availability of past data related to equipment. Increase in employee empowerment is another important factor, which contribute to the effectiveness of the total productive maintenance. The enthusiasm of employees can be improved by setting challenging targets and specifying how to achieve them. Autonomy is the core concept of empowerment, while the management retains control through information systems, choice of processes and available tools (Agyris, 1998). Hence the hypothesis develops asH2 Higher the take of employees autonomy higher the level of success of TPM.The information and ideas are successfully exchanged through dialogue between persons and groups. It is important to exchange the ideas and information in a mutually understandable manner. It is important to train the employees regarding the change to be undertaken in the organization. The third hypothesis to be tested is the role of training of employees in the TPM.H3 Is it necessary to undertake TQM with TPM.Hence as mentioned below the TPM is the 5S step-by-step program 1 - Cleaning & restitutionThoroughly restore & clean. Motivation through participation.2 - Eliminate Stains, Mixed, ContaminationStudy Root Causes of Dirt, Mixing, Loss, and persecute and take actions.3 - Improve Accessibility Achieve 1 minute accessibility time for

The Legislative Department (United States Goverment) Research Paper - 1

The Legislative Department (United States Goverment) - Research Paper exemplarThe family contains of four hundred and xxx five members who atomic number 18 elected from fifty states of the country. In concomitant to that there are also six other members with non-voting rights. The person presiding the House proceedings is the Speaker of the House who is chosen after an election between the consistatives (Tocqueville, Alexis & G elderlyhammer 2004).The House of Representatives are brought into power following an electoral process. Elections aim place in all fifty states of the country and they decide who go out make it to the House and who will lag behind the race to make it to the Congress. As a general rule, all members of the House of Representatives are elected every two years. Moreover, they should be at least twenty five years old at the time of election. Also, it is a pre requisite that they must hold the citizenship of the USA for a gunpoint of at least seven years al ongside being a resident of the State that they wish to fiddle (US Congress 2007).As far as the Senators are concerned, the Congress comprises of one hundred of them, of which two represent each State of the country. They are also elected by the people of their respective states for a period of six years. They are elected in such a manner that one third of the Senators perk up to be re-elected after every two years. Moreover, it is a must that the Senators should be at least thirty years of age, residents of the State they wish to represent and citizens of the United States for a period of at least cardinal years (Quirk, Paul & Binder 2005).As mentioned above, the Legislative Branch consists of two organizations which together make up the Congress of the United States of America. Those two organizations are known as the Senate and the House of Representatives.These together are creditworthy for carrying out the legislative process that is required to maintain proper running of th e economy. One of the many

The three world of bali Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The three world of bali - Movie Review ExampleThese midnight-to-dawn performances can be viewed from either side of the screen and also from behind the puppeteer.The ancient literary texts, collected in the sure-enough(a) Javanese language of Kawi and Sanskrit (The Balinese Digital Library), are captured on Lontar leaves. These leaves come from Lontar trees that belong to the family of palm trees. The Lontar manuscripts are placed in boxes or bags for proper protection.The older women dancing in Gambuh trip the light fantastic toe and other performances are seen to be dancing closer to the ancestral shrines in temples. They do so as to honor their ancestors in this endless cycle of rebirth.For Balinese, the idea of time differs from ours. Flowers are seen to have a victimize time cycle, a rock to be have a much longer cycle mend humans are somewhere in between. For them, there is never an end, but a continuous cycle.Balinese Hindus jaw their religion Agama Tirtha because water plays a very important role in their life. weewee, represented by a circle in the Hindu tradition, symbolizes completeness and the un-manifest. The Balinese carefully plan out and stagger the use of Balis water supply. Water temple rituals promote a peaceful relationship between people and their environment. When changing the system, many problems were face up with problems such as of water, mice and other pests.Eka Dasa Rudra, in Bali, is held every one-hundred years. In 1963, upon the urging of then President Sukarno, Balinese priests organize to hold the ritual before the exact date it was supposed to be held on. Preparations were met with the first eruption in recorded history of Balis great volcano. This terrible disaster was seen as a confirmation of the gods and demons powers and the necessity of observance the traditional calendar. The central temple was miraculously spared when the volcano erupted. The Balinese people saw this as a idealistic

Should Adultery be illegal Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Should Adultery be wrong - Research plan ExampleAlthough adults are consenting individuals and should be permitted to sleep with whomever they carry, adultery should be illegal because it is a rape of a legal contract and a cause for divorce. Adults are consenting adults and are permitted to sleep with whomever they choose to unless he/she is a minor. Currently, the American society comprises of different sexual relationships including heterosexual and homosexual associations, and although homosexual conjugal unions lodge largely illegal in several states, others in the US have legalized the practice. Legalizing same sex marriage is a clear indication of the respect that the law accords individuals in the choice of a marital partner, if both partners are adults (Ethridge and Stephen, 2004). Even though adults are consenting and permitted to sleep with whomever they want to, adultery should be illegal because it is a major cause for fault base divorce. According to Arterburn, Fr ed, and Yorkey (2000), one or both parties in a marital union dissolve most of their heterosexual marriages in United States on allegations of adultery. This leads to psychological, economic and social suffering to all concerned parties, including children.

Master Delivery Schedule (Event Management) Case Study

Master Delivery Schedule (Event Management) - Case Study ExampleThe River fiesta is held every category at several locations. This moment is run in both forms, be it free of cost or trade fare veritable(a)ts. These kinds of festivals are necessary for society so that people can interact with from separately one other and are given a platform to turn the life into joy and fun. In instantlys times every individual is tied up in their busy schedules and is busy discern deep in trying to make ends meet. Therefore, they do not find time to interact with each other and celebrate the life. Thus, these kinds of festivals are medium to connect people and give them a chance to admit off their busy lifestyles and enjoy life. It is significant to note that people only want to go in festivals or celebrations that give them adequate amount of entertainment and leisure, which is only accomplishable through good import management. The specialty of this river festival is that it provides high quality go and entertainment to visitors and thats the reason it has gained immense popularity all over the years. Another reason for the increasing popularity of this river festival is its association with Brisbane festival. Brisbane is also a big series of events, which is at present merged with the River festival. Reason behind the merger is to give it the potential to be the best festival in the whole of Australia. A large globally renowned Australian production comp some(prenominal) is also associated with this festival render its quality support. Thus, best event management services are planned to make the even a huge conquest. Various cultural programs, music shows, visual arts etc. are include in this festival to make it more interesting so that largest crowd can be attracted to the event (Maidstone river festival 2010). Identification and roles of key operations stakeholders Key operations stakeholders are significant entities in any master delivery schedule and th e recognition of these key operations stakeholders is of prime importance. In Riverfestival, operations stakeholders extend an important part and the success of this large scale event will be dependent on the same. Good operations stakeholders are identified by observing the activities being performed by various parties in Riverfestival. However, operations stakeholders claim their roles and perform the allocated tasks in the Riverfestival, if they perform good activities, then management of festival would not be a problem (Phillips and Stawarski 2008). Stakeholders of Riverfestival have various functions. These stakeholders include transportation agencies, law enforcement agencies, public refuge agencies, event organizers, elected official etc. The public safety agencies include fire and EMS. Emergency services and other concerned services for good event management in Riverfestival are only possible by proper coordination of all the stakeholders involved. Thus, it is obvious that stakeholders play a significant role in the success of Riverfestival. Implementation of various programs in an appropriate manner is also important. All programs are executed with the assistance of proper involvement of stakeholders (Global expertise in meeting and event management). Outline of traffic management cookery and operations dealings management planning and operations is also an important criterion for the success of Riverfestival. Traffic management planning includes good traffic control services required in a festival

The Curse (1988) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Curse (1988) - investigate Paper ExampleThrough his narration, the author has tried to make use of the words, actions as well as thoughts of Mitchell Hayes that would occur to the man as he went about living the due course of his lifestyle. His family and friends, as well as the police try to tell him that he had done enough, however, he began questioning his testify decisions and feels guilt and resentment at himself for not having been able to do more. Hayes says, I should pretend stopped it. I think I could have stopped it. (Dubus, Andre) The author has tried to express how all(prenominal) human being tries his best to always do more than what he can, and when he is not able to do so, he blames himself for it and regrets his decisions later(prenominal). However, this is a futile exercise because e actually man has a excerption to make and those choices affect his entire life and the course that it takes. No choices can be made later or gone back upon, and thus Hayes tak es a long time to understand the very concept of not regretting whatever one does in their life. As the rape comes to an end and the bikers depart from the scene, Hayes slowly walks towards the girl and sits down next to her.

The UK Government is Increasing the Retirement Age Literature review

The UK Government is Increasing the Retirement Age - Literature review physical exertionTherefore, increasing the retirement come on will mean more advantage to the elderly employees in the UK social system industry, considering that employers are reluctant to offer employments positions to older workers. Age inequality could worsen, considering the negative attitudes that exist with regards to performance of the healed. negative attitudes claimed that Low performance of the aged has contributed largely to early retirement among employees (United Nations, 2009, p. 52). The negative attitudes with regards to low performance of the aged could be improved with good performance and contributions of the older employees who have for a long time been denied the probability to prove their efficiency at an old age. Employee Age Discrimination According to Lewis, Lewis, and Thornbory (2006, p. 160), older workers are discriminated against on the claims that at an old age, employees tend to have little physical strength and incapability to endure catchy conditions in work environments such as the construction industry. More to this, the older employees are also discriminated on claims that their cognitive capacity is low compared to younger employees. However, eliminating age secernment in the UK construction industry would be attracting, motivating, and retaining the aged staffs that are fit for leadership and motivation of the younger employees. More so, employers could gain much personality as transparent and an equal opportunity employer for development of skills and empowerment to the members. Direct discrimination involves treating individual employee less favorably with regards to their perceived or actual age associated with the individuals where no lawful aim is justified. Indirect discrimination occurs in situations where policies, procedures and practices that apply to all employees exist, but in specification to the individuals perceived to be old. These practices, procedures, and policies may include application requirements for a particular job that excludes a particular group of disadvantaged individuals, where no legitimate aim is justified. This practice amounts to violation of the law, since the UK legislations demand that employers should not discriminate against employees by their age and in movement so, the encase must be justifiable fact as a legitimate objective of the organization (Fineman, 2011, p. 59). worrying implies situations where unwanted behavior towards the aged employees has the purpose and impact of violation of a persons self-respect with regards to intimidation, human degradation, hostility, and humiliation of employees. On the different hand, victimization refers to an unfair treatment brought forward as a complaint by an employee who is regarded to have been treated unfairly based on age. The threat and complaints of age discrimination in the construction industry seem to be rampant at an earl y age compared to other industries. The increase in the retirement age by the UK government may lead to increased case of discrimination against the aging employees. Older workers are often put under pressure by two employers and fellow young employees to retire against their wish (Adams and Beehr, 2003). The UK construction industry is faced by rampant age discrimination claims among employees who are entering their phases of prime

President Ronald Reagans The Challenger Address Essay

chairperson Ronald Reagans The Challenger Address - Essay ExampleIt was a computer address given in the White mansion to locker a grieving nation after the loss of the astronauts in front of the world. As expected, the speech was emotionally charged with the President seeming apologetic to the general public. Of all the elements in rhetoric, pathos or emotional appeal were used heavily in the speech. The speech was literally peppered with words of consolation and gratitude in a hope to at least console a grieving nation. It was in like manner a day consecrated for mourning as President Reagan uttered Today is a day for mourning and remembering. The stake paragraph resembles a logos in rhetoric or reasoning that such accidents comes with the job by citing a similar incident in the ground where three astronauts also perished. Perhaps this was an attempt to console the grieving families and the public in general that what happened was not entirely unnatural because similar accident also happened before thus making it more easier accept. This was craftily followed by the speech of remembrance that the nation was ceaselessly ingratitude with what they did beginning with citing each of the astronauts name and following with the emotionally charged story such as Your loved ones were daring and brave, and they had that special grace to impress to the audience that their death was not in vain.

Lesson 12 DIscussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lesson 12 DIscussion - As pressment ExampleDavid Bowie who established himself purely as list and rock artist started infusing disco flavor in his euphony ilk his 1975 song Fame. This has disappointed millions of his fans as it was sign of some artists attempting to adapt to an emerging style of music. It is natural that music lovers who were rock fans in the 1970s were prostrate to dislike disco but that did not automatically mean that these people disliked disco in the 1970s just because it is another genre. If disco would have remained as just another kind of music the rock fans would have ignored it. However, disco was begun to be included in rock stations which antecedently played only rock music. Even rock players like David Bowie and Rolling Stones responded to the disco movement which savage their fans. The eleventh Grammy awards in 2010 presented awards in 18 categories including diverse genres like pop, urban rock, jazz, and also regional like salsa and Brazilian. The B illboard listed Regional Mexican and tropical albums. These emphasize variations in Latin music with differential approaches in instrumentation, rhythm, melody and harmony. There is also cross-pollination of international musical styles. For instance, Cuban percussion instruments can often be heard in regional Mexican music. Latin music is rapidly gaining strong foothold in America. In Billboard, Latin charts made their place for the first time in 1985, and then they became common in the list during 1990s and

Civil and Environmental Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

civilised and Environmental Engineering - Essay ExampleThis is trend going to be more than so in the future and civil locomotive engineers need to know how to deal with this issue (Seracino, 2006). Appargonntly, the trend is familiar in the advanced(a) world as can be seen in Dubai. Dubai, one of the most popular emirates of the United Arabs Emirates has particularise the trend where buildings are not built to only serve a technical function, but are also a cultural statement (McCuen, Ezzell & Wong, 2011). This aspect of civil engineering has brought with it more challenges to the civil engineers who in the groundbreaking world have to execute civil engineering projects that are far more convoluted than the technical aspects. This trend might not disappear soon. As such(prenominal), civil engineers in future volition be required to be more creative and more resourceful in executing their projects. gracious engineering is going to take a new turn where it go forth have a mor e social and cultural aspect. Architects are forever coming up with more complex designs which the civil engineers will have to implement and that are becoming a challenge.Modern civil engineers also have to be fit to look at the ways they have to control the budget. As a matter of facts, numerous issues make the modern civil engineer to be good financial manager. To begin with, as Fellin (2004) modern customers are more aware of the cost of construction and are likely to offer fewer notes than it was in the early years. When a modern civil engineer gets a project, whether from the government, a firm or an individual, they are likely to get more resistance when asking for the funding of the project. In this regard, the civil engineer must be a good negotiator in order to get things done Hansen and Zenobia (2011). He or she must be able to negotiate with the financiers of the project and must also be able to negotiate with other stakeholders in the industry. Where the civil enginee r is involved in the procurement of materials and other resources such

Comparison and Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Comparison and Contrast - Essay frameworkAccording to the contra-divorce view, family is the smallest but the most important unit of a society, it has a huge impact on various social constructs and, at the same time, it plays significant and crucial roles in shaping a barbarians mind during its earliest years. The process of socialization, which decides who and what a man will be, starts from this smallest unit of society. But of necessity this familial organization significantly depends on the marital bond between a man and a woman for its existence in modern society. Consequently, divorce is considered to be a direct blow on this important societal unit. Divorce hampers a childs harmonious mental and physical development. Family is accepted as a mans first and foremost efficient training center through with(predicate) which a child becomes familiar and learns to revere the morals, rules, and regulations of the society. It is the family in which a child gets the fundamental beha vioural patterns that tend to be further shaped by other social institutions such as religious convictions, educational, semipolitical systems, etc. The issue of childrens welfare and strong marital bond are related to for each one other.

Registered Nurse Safe Staffing Act Policy Analysis Research Paper

Registered Nurse Safe Staffing Act Policy compend - Research Paper ExampleWhile the bill intends to ensure that hospitals are maintaining appropriate staffing levels and staffing plans, it withal guarantees that violators of the proposed equity would be subject to monetary recompense for failing to abide by the provisions set forward in the bill. As further protectionist measures, H.R. 876 would specify available protections for employees of hospitals and patients for whistle blowing in the event of grievances or complaints, in that respectby ensuring that discrimination does not occur as a result of the proposed operational changes within the hospital environment and that no hospital retaliation should occur as a result of said grievances (Congress.gov, 2013). Hence, the bill ensures that there is accountability within the hospital administrative hierarchy for failing to abide by the language of this proposed composing of legislation. H.R. 876 also clearly indicates the expec tations for the role of the new hospital committees, including the establishment of a recurring evaluation scheme to measure the success or failure of staffing plan implementations. At least once annually, these evaluations must occur, providing the material by which staffing plan modifications are made (Library of Congress, 2013). The proposed legislation also sets out that overtime be considered by the committee, thus providing further protections for on-staff registered nurses and ensuring that the hospital maintains staffing structures that provide adequate relief during times of absence. Reporting of staffing plans are also mandated by the bill to be submitted for public evaluation no later than 90 days aft(prenominal) the date by which the committee has conducted its evaluation of staffing plan implementation (Library of Congress, 2013). If, according to the Secretary, any hospital has violated the provisions outlined in H.R. 876, they will be subject to a demand for corre ctive work to fix the violation and may also be subject to civil monetary penalties (Library of Congress, 2013). Hence, the bill provides the circumstantial duties of the Secretary in ensuring that the legislation is adhered to

H.W Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

H.W - subsidization ExampleEach employee will strive to meet set goals so that they earn such non-cash rewards.In addition, Gina will find non-cash rewards less costly compargond to cash. First, employees may not notice exactly how worthy is the reward. This is reversion to cash rewards in which workers consider the amount to get motivated. For example, Gina should set a program in which prosperous logging detailed notes about the client call in the online database, the customer c ar representative earns points use to redeem tangible items of value to them. To maintain customer satisfaction at the end of every call, Gina should select it part of her reward to manage knowledge. Rewards imply after exemplary performance, there should be learning fancy that enhances early(a) employees to gain knowledge of serving in the same line. However, Gina should be c atomic number 18ful not to back up the trip with learning sessions. Employee should find more than 80 percent of the travel to himself or herself for recreation. In summary, non-cash rewards are guilt-free as opposed to money that employees spend on ordinary commitments.May Johnsons performance problems are multi-faceted. First, she lacks management experience. It is her first experience working with a group of employees reporting directly to her. As a result, she believes that everything should go in line with what she learns and strongly holds. Secondly, Johnson lacks knowledge of the current systems used by the company and other employees. She relies on obsolete systems. Johnsons overreliance on obsolete systems constantly raises conflicts with her junior employees. In addition, Johnson does not understand vital aspects of job specialization. She desires to perform everything and does not believe that any duty accomplished by other individuals can be perfect. Johnson repeats every work her junior staff members present to her.May Johnsons employee are

Marketing Products and Services in a Dynamic Environment Assignment

Marketing Products and Services in a Dynamic Environment - Assignment ExampleThe author makes special references to the claims advanced by Adam smith and other prominent economic thinkers as understood within the domain of goods-dominant logic with the intention of exposing its total strengths and weaknesses as compared with the service-dominant logic.The theoretical foundation of the article marks a determined departure from the conventional systems of through that privilege the goods-dominant logic as a key determinant of economic sub. The author affirms that all kinds of exchange are based on service (Vargo, Maglio, & Akaka, 2008, p. 145). This marked departure from the conventions of goods-based logic promotes a sense of disharmony amongst traditional accounting practices and the modern economic assumptions that emphasize more on the need to fall in value-based systems. In essence, the author makes the claim that all forms of transactions are ultimately reducible to service for the proceeds of the goal users.The author explores the dimensions of service science from the multiple dimensions that include the relationship between production and physical exertion of the value. Other relationships explored include the product and process in light of their relationship with the generation of value. The study trains about significant focus on the connection between transaction and relationship between the transacting parties. The difference between the goods-dominant logic and the service-dominant logic as understood within the framework of this study involves a range of options that significantly connect within the element of productivity (Vargo, Maglio, & Akaka, 2008, p. 147). The goods-dominant logic operates under a system that offers unique advantages to the end user. Theoretically, this concept is built on the assumption that the roles of the producer and that of the end user are clearly distinct. In line with this ideal, the consumer primarily pla ys the role of utilizing the value. The value of a good

Toyota Highlander Hybrid Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Toyota subalpine loanblend - Essay ExamplePrices of inputs rise for the firms hence increase their costs of production. This reflects into the prices which they charge from the consumers. The consumers are at last faced with high prices which puts a negative impact on their disposable income. withal this, burn prices as well as affect the households buying patterns as the consumers transportation expenses are directly linked with flatulence prices. Dijk and Yarime therefore rightly say in their journal that the consumers are constantly find outing for cheaper fuel alternatives. crossbred technology was introduced globally in late 90s. The history however dates back to the 20th century. Honda launched its Insight in the year 2000 after Toyotas Prius hit the market in Japan in the year 1997. Nersesian rightly puts that there is a growing concern of rising costs amongst the consumers because of which, the demand of fuel high-octane cars is rising. Besides this, governments a re increasingly encouraging consumption of greener alternatives of oil as a fuel. The importance of hybrid cars is increasing day by day as not except it is cheap, but likewise fuel efficient and is environment friendly. It meets the concern of both(prenominal) the consumers, businesses and the environmentalists (Nersesian, 2007). 2 Supply And Demand 2.1 Role and Impact of Independent protean The independent unsettled here in the Demand factor is the price of fuel. As Hybrid cars and fuel price are close substitutes, price of one changes the demand of the other. The price being the Independent Variable, Toyota Hybrids demand is solely dependent on the prices of fuel. As Diamond suggests that as oil becomes expensive, the consumers look for cheaper options to the extent, that they may dispose their measly mileage vehicles and trade-in for more fuel efficient vehicles. The oil prices therefore, Khusid, carrell as major independent variable which influences the demand of Toyota Highlander Hybrid. Besides its impact on demand, the producers too experience a rise in their costs of production because of which, they have to reduce their supply, which in frolic increases the overall market price. However, as consumers switch to Hybrid cars, the demand curve shifts to the right, hence balancing take the price increase (Diamond, 2006 Khusid 2010). The price of the car itself however, remains the independent variable for the suppliers. As price is the incite factor for both the household and the businesses, it remains the independent variable and hence, the major influence on both the demand and supply. Besides this, there are also hybrid conversion kits available in the market which makes it a lot easier for consumers to switch to cheaper alternatives (Nersesian, 2007). The price of hybrid conversion kits available in the market also influence how consumers respond towards Hybrid cars with fluctuations in prices of these conversion kits. If the prices fall, t he demand of Toyota Highlander Hybrid is most credibly to get inversely affected as the consumers will switch to a cheaper alternative. Therefore, another of the independent variable is the price of hybrid conversion kits. However, the price of conversion kits does not have a direct operation on the supply of hybrid cars as none of the factors which affect the supply gets influenced. This independent variable only has an impact on the consumer demand and therefore, the supply remains uninfluenced. The tax-rate on hybrid is also a squash on both the supply and demand of Hybrid vehicles. The tax-rate on fuel efficient and eco-friendly cars is usually low as in incentive from the government for both the consumers and the suppliers to switch to the

Time Value of Money Paper Essay Example for Free

Time treasure of Money Paper Essay conceptionThe concept of Time Value of Money Paper has sprung from the concept of the depreciation in the nurse of specie paper with term. It is the concept of the reduction n the purchasing power of the same quantity of money in a future period. Put another way, it is the theory that a certain quantity of money held today will have a more purchasing power than the same quantity of money in a future period imputable to the depreciating value of money caused by the engage regularize and inflation,There are various financial applications for TVM. In fact, financial calculations, assumptions and employment is primarily based on the concept of TVM. Because it is this factor which has to be disengagen into account during long-term loans, annual borrowings and lending, in order for the business to recover the time cost it incurred for the period.Ross E. (2006)APPLICATION 1A football club is borrowing $1,000,000 from first rudiment Bank for the purchase of new training equipment. The entire loan is paid back in 4 semi-annual installments. The interest prise is 10% compounded semi- periodical.We want to investigate the value that this money will keep going at the end of two years so that we can devise an appropriate interest rate to recover the lost value as well as get some markup.1st requital 250,000 * (1-0.05) = 237,5002nd payment 250,000 * (1-0.05)2 = 225,6253rd payment 250,000 * (1-0.05)3 = 214,343.84th payment 250,000 * (1-0.05)4 = 203,626.6 essence Value $881,095.3125We can serve that the flat $1 million paid back is not worth the original mensuration due to the changes in value with time. Thus the bank can levy a higher interest rate to recover the money modify as well as some markup.http//www.executivecaliber.ws/sys-tmpl/timevalueofmoney/APPLICATION 2A mother is saving for her daughters college education for 10 years from now. She knows that it will costs her $500,000 for her daughters entire college exp enses. She does not know how much she should save today in order to get $500,000 afterward 10 years, if the interest rate is 8% compounded every year.Using the formula FV=PV(1 + r)tFV=500,000r=0.08t=10PV=?Therefore, PV=FV(1+r)-tPV=500,000(1.05)-10PV=$306956.6Thus, she has only to deposit $306,956.6 in her account for a period of 10 years compounded annually at 8% to be sure that she will be able to have the amount obligatory for her childs education when required.APPLICATION 3You want to purchase a new railway car and you are willing to pay $20,000. If you can invest at 10% compounded annually and you shortly can invest $15,000, how long will it take you to generate enough cash to pay for the car?FV=20,000PV=15,000r=0.01t=?Rearranging the basic formula FV=PV(1+r)tt = n (FV/PV) / (1+r)t = ln(20,000 / 15,000) / ln(1.1) = 3.02 yearsSo, it will take approximately 3 years for this amount to be able to pay for the car through compounding.COMPONENTS OF send packing/INTEREST RATEAs we saw in the previous applications that the value of money depreciates as time progresses forwards, financial lenders and institutions are always looking to build back the exact value of the money that they lent over the period of lending plus a service charge, which will be the actual illuminatework for the lender.Therefore, there are two components in the interest rateThe actual capital recovery factorThe profit factorEXAMPLEA Man borrows $1,000 from a bank. He pays it back in 10 monthly installments. What interest rate will the bank charge if the bank wants to make a net real 10% profit on the lent amount? The inflation rate is 5%. salary 1 snow * (1-0.05/12)1=99.58Payment 2 100 * (1-0.05/12)2=99.17Payment 3 100 * (1-0.05/12)3=98.76Payment 4 100 * (1-0.05/12)4=98.34Payment 5 100 * (1-0.05/12)5=97.93Payment 6 100 * (1-0.05/12)6=97.53Payment 7 100 * (1-0.05/12)7=97.52Payment 8 100 * (1-0.05/12)8=96.72Payment 9 100 * (1-0.05/12)9=96.31Payment 10 100 * (1-0.05/12)10=95.91Total = $9 77.37There is a difference of $22.63 between the lent amount and the value of the recovered amount. To make the value equal, the bank has to adjust the interest rate so that they earn $22.63 more to break-even. Further they have to earn an additional $100 as profit. They need a net $1100. So, the difference is $123.63 which has to be adjusted into the monthly installment to result in the desired figures.Therefore, with an effective interest rate of 13% compounded annually, this amount can be generated sufficiently.There are various methods for determining this interest rateImplicit assessReturn on Investment MethodWeighted CapitalOpportunity CostBlock, Hirt (2005)REFERENCESBlock, Hirt (2005). Foundations of Financial focus (11th ed.) New York McGraw-Hill. Chapters 9 and 14.Ross, E. (2006). Fundamentals of Corporate Finance (6th ed.) New York Westerfield and Jordan. Chapter 5.Time Value of Money. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from Leasing and Time Value of Money Web site http//www.exec utivecaliber.ws/sys-tmpl/timevalueofmoney/

The Effect of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Essay Example for Free

The Effect of prenatal intoxicant Exposure Essay innovation Alcohol is a medicate with a depressant effect. Alcohol can negatively affect your brain, liver, underlying ill at ease(p) system, and heart. The immediate effects of intoxicantic confound consumption be delayed reflexes and slurred speech. Since it is a depressant, intoxicant slows smoothen your brain. Consuming alcohol regularly can also lead to alcoholism. Alcoholism is a long chronic disease, it is when you a kindly or physically addicted to alcohol. Alcohol is a dangerous drug and should be consumed, if at all, under moderation. A teratogen is any agent that can change a foetus and therefore cause a behave defect.Alcohol is one of the most dangerous teratogens. thither is no proven safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Every time a large(predicate) charwoman has a drink, the alcohol enters her melodic phrasestream. It crosses the placenta and enters the foetus through the umbilical c ord. So every time a pregnant woman has a drink, her baby does too The blood alcohol level of the fetus is therefore advert to or greater than the blood alcohol level of the grow. Though the mother can break down the alcohol, the fetus underdeveloped body cannot. Thus, it maintains the blood alcohol level for much longer.You can imagine that fetus have a very low tolerance for alcohol. Exposure to alcohol affects almost every adjourn of a fetus body. The brain, face, ears, center of attentions, bones, kidney, and heart are all affect by alcohol. It causes blood vessels to constrict and disrupts the blood flow in the placenta. Oxygen and nourishment are thus prevented from entering the developing fetus. Cell deaths caused by alcohol cause different parts of the fetus to develop abnormally. The development of nerve cells is also affected by alcohol, which may impact the way the brain develops, and functions.The brain is the most vulnerable to alcohol image since it is developin g throughout pregnancy. fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a life long condition with effects much(prenominal) as mental retardation, festering in adaptedness, abnormal seventh cranial nerve features, and central loathsome system problems. It develops in babies whose mother drank excessive levels of alcohol during pregnancy. Since no level of alcohol consumption is considered safe during pregnancy, it is highly recommended not to drink at all. Surveys shows that approximately 130,000 women have admitted to consuming levels of alcohol where foetal Alcohol Syndrome is possible.40,000 women, unfortunately give birth to a baby with suffers from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the most serve of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Babies with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome have central nervous system damage. Since of the prenatal alcohol exposure, the brain cells are either underdeveloped or malformed. It is the number one cause for mental retardation. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome not lonesome(prenominal) causes cognitive disabilities, but also functional disabilities. Unfortunately, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is permanent and incurable.It not only affects the baby, but the family that must raise the baby. One of the symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is growth deficiency. Anyone with a growth deficiency is either underweight, under aggrandizement, or both. Those who suffer from it fall below the tenth percentile of standardized growth charts. Severe growth deficiency is defined when height and weight are either slight than or equal to the third percentile. Moderate growth deficiency is when the height or the weight is either less than or equal to the third percentile.While mild growth deficiency is when both weight and height are between the third and tenth percentile. In classic cases, FAS children grow taller at about 60 percent of the normal rate through early childhood, while their weight increases at about 33 percent of the normal rate. Thus, they appear un usually slender or even malnourished despite an adequate diet. (Jon M Aase, MD 1998) The children will remain smaller than ninety percent of other same hoary normal children. Another symptom of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is abnormal facial nerve features. The presence of abnormal facial feature indicates brain damage.Three facial features that are unique to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome are a smooth philtrum, thin vermilion, and small palpebral fissures. A smooth philtrum means the groove between the nose and upper lip is flatter than normal. The higher the prenatal alcohol exposure, the flatter the groove. Small palpebral fissure is smaller eye width than normal and thin vermilion is a thinner upper lip. The last symptom of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is central nervous system damage. There are thee areas to determine the magnitude of central nervous system damage. They are structural, neurological, and functional.Structural abnormalities can be seen such as small head sizing or abnormal brain structure. Structural abnormalities usually occur during the third trimester of pregnancy when alcohol affects the judicature of brain cells. Neurological problems can also affect the peripheral nervous system, which consists of the somatic and autonomic nervous system. Some Neurological problems are seizure, impaired motor skills, clumsiness, and horrible hand- eye coordination. Functional problems are a lot referred to as development disabilities such as learning disabilities, etc.During the third trimester of pregnancy, the hippocampus can be damaged. The hippocampus is the major component of the brain in mammal and responsible for memory, emotion, decoding visual and auditory data, and learning. Damage of the hippocampus usually results in neurological and functional problems. The only way to prevent Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is to not drink during pregnancy. A mother must be a heavy juice reamer throughout her pregnancy in order for her baby to be diagnosed with FAS. Drinkin g during the first trimester of pregnancy produces the facial abnormalities characteristic of FAS.Drinking during the second and third trimesters affects growth. Drinking during the third trimester results in dysfunction of the nervous system, mental retardation and learning/behavior deficiencies. ( Mesa 1997) teat-feeding while pregnant is also a big no-no. Breast milk retains small amounts of alcohol and while breast feeding it is passed onto the baby. Babies with mothers who consumed small amounts of alcohol were shown to have trouble acquiring motor skills. Mothers who consume large amounts of alcohol may altogether lose the ability to breast-feed.The ejection of milk from the breast will become difficult. It is recommended to wait devil hours if you do have a drink before breast-feeding for the best health of the baby. There are some other birth defects a baby can suffer from other than Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Prenatal Alcohol Exposures may cause a heart go in a baby. A mu rmur is an unusual sound heard from the heart caused by leaking valve. Another condition is Strabismus. This is when the eyes are not properly aligned. Cleft lip is also another abnormality. Prenatal exposure to alcohol can damage a fetus at any time, causing problems that persist throughout the individuals life. There is no known safe level of alcohol use in pregnancy. (US Health Dept 2007) So alcohol should be completely avoided during pregnancy.References http//casaa. unm. edu/fas/FAS-Clin. html http//www. mc. maricopa. edu/dept/d46/psy/dev/fall00/Substance/fas. html http//www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/fasd/alcohol-use. html http//www. mayoclinic. com/health/fetal-alcohol-syndrome/ds00184 http//www. marchofdimes. com/professionals/14332_1170. asphead1 www. cdc. gov/ncbddd/fas/fasprev. htm.

Identification Discussion Essay Example for Free

naming Discussion EssayThrough his 1946 Politics and the English Language article, author George Orwell discusses some of the challenges facing the English expression. For example, the author descries the phenomenon whereby writers in English are increasingly using many and complicated words that in effect blurs their real meanings. In addition, Orwell laments that many writers are using regurgitated words and phrases rather than devise and employ their experience fresh phrases.Orwell observes that the existing gravely language is deteriorating the thoughts of the populace. In turn, he explains that such usage of dreary language corrupts peoples thoughts. Further, the author holds that unclear language is indispensable to politics because it helps in hiding fallacies and awed phenomena. Language then makes unacceptable things to appear tolerable besides concealing the details of certain issues (Orwell, 1946). every in all, Orwells pitch is that bad language contributes t o little politics the complaint is that he is decrying the putrefaction of the English language, while the moment is that the author requires his audience to demonstrate caution when using the English language. For example, Orwell states that bad language and poor politics are intertwined because unclear expressions are useful political tools. In effect, poor language is employed to glorify war, as well as to cunningly conceal atrocities.The author thus views the English language as having undergone a dangerous transformation of adopting rigid orthodoxy and rejecting innovativeness. Readers are thus cautioned against blindly adhering to such lethargic English language conventions. In conclusion, through the Politics and the English Language treatise, Orwell criticizes the world(a) decadence in the English language that has resulted from orthodoxy and general indolence. He thus observes that such language contributes to bad politics and cautions readers against being ensnared by s uch lethargic orthodoxy.

Obesity Has a Deep Impact in the Life of a Child Essay Example for Free

fleshiness Has a Deep Impact in the Life of a Child EssayUsing the Center for Writing Excellence and MyFoundationsLab resources, provide the subject sentence and informal outline for your Personal Ethics Statement. Topic sentence Obesity has a dim impact in the life of a baby bird. Informal outline1. develop how obesity affects the baby birds physical health. 2. Explain how obesity affects the childs mental health. 3. Give ideas of how put ups can be involved in the change of habits in the orotund child. 5. Summarize why obesity has a deep impact in the life of a child.Obesity has a deep impact in the life of a child, physically, and mentally as well. An obese child is at risk of having health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease, and strokes as an adult, if he or she is not treated in an early age. An overweight child can be a target for browbeat at school, making his or her social life poor, creating anxiety, depression, and lowering their self esteem.The parents play an important determination in the life of an obese child. does not matter if the child is obese because a genetic factor, or just because his or her does not have a proper eating habit, the condition it is treatable. Encourage the child to follow a healthy diet, being an example for him or her, and being supportive, are examples of how a parent can be involve in the life of an obese child. Taking obesity in a child seriously, and trying to find ways to improve this condition, are the first steps to a bankrupt future in an obese childs life.

Mr. William Bryant And His Romantic Antics Essay Example for Free

Mr. William Bryant And His romanticist Antics actRomanticism is a style of writing based in the late 19th century. It is characterized by nature, psyche expression, emotion and imagination. Many writers in his time were part of the Romantic Movement and William Cullen Bryant was one of them. His poems are adept of Romantic ideals such as the benevolence of Nature and the emphasis on emotion. Bryant is clearly a Romantic poet and his poems Thanatopsis and To a water bird are clearly illustrations of this.Nature is a big part of both Thanatopsis and To a Waterfowl. In Thanatopsis, Nature actually has a speaking part. The personified Nature teaches the reader to not fear death, moreover accept it as a part of look. Nature in this poem is very comforting. She is described in detail and is portrayed as calm and compassionate in her way of speaking.In To a Waterfowl, nature is also important and in this poem, it is more concrete than the Nature in Thanatopsis. Bryant is talking about a lone waterfowl that is flying through the air. The waterfowl is part of nature and he questions it as if it would answer. In Romantic rhyme, it would answer, as in Thanatopsis, where nature actually speaks to the reader. This also shows the license and the mystical aspect in his writing.Idealism is also a big romantic characteristic in these poems. In Thanatopsis, realism would demand death a dark and horrible thing. However, the idealistic Bryant portrayed it as a part of life and that dying would bring you back to the divine Nature. In To a Waterfowl, the bird is solitary because he is a freethinking spirit and is flying free from others conventional ideas. This appeals to the radical and the idealistic Romantic in him.This poetry by William Cullen Bryant is clearly of the Romantic style. He uses nature in his poetry in an aesthetic way, stating it as a kind being. Idealism is used in a romantic manner, glorifying death and showing the freedom of life in its natural fo rm. His poetry is full of content and emotion with forgiveness and love. Bryants Thanatopsis and To a Waterfowl are two excellent examples of Romantic poetry because they useRomantic ideas of freedom, idealism, and benevolence of nature.

Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria Essay Example for Free

Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria EssayThis development was heralded as an avenue to usher in democratic stability and pricey goernance. However, hostile to widespread expectations, the trademark- army regime became an avenue for the explosion of violent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria. As a librate of fact, since the emergence of democracy in May 1999, not less than wiz hundred culturalally and religiously instigated conflicts nourish occurred in Nigeria which resulted in loss of lives and unquantifiable material and psychological damage.Drawing from documentary research and findings, this publisher probes the persistent spate of ethno-religious crises in Nigeria and its harmful implications on democratic consolidation in Nigeria. It investigates the history, causes and manifestations of ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria and maintains that unbrid guide lust for power, corruption, religious bigotry and the failure of the government to deliver democratic drai nage argonands, have resulted in these conflicts in the midst of ethnical and religious groups in the country.In the light of all these accordingly, can democracy thrive in an atmosphere of crises? Can Nigeria come out of ethno-religious conflicts? If so, what steps can the government take to rein in the menace of these crises? Finally, the paper provides submissions for curbing this tender epidemic, which has become a permanent feature of the Nigerian affectionate polity. Keywords Nigeria, Ethno-religious, Crises, country, Development Introduction Democracy could be said to be a seed when you sow bountifully, you thread bountifully.Thus, one of the dividends of democracy, which Nigerians have reaped in abundance since the transfer of power from the multitude to the civilians on May 29, 1999, is the move up wave of ethno-religious conflicts with devastating and untold consequences on lives and property (Jega, 2007 116). Nigeria is a very populous nation in Africa with dive rse cultural heritage. In fact, the country has a population of over 140 million and over 400 ethnic groups belonging to different religious sects as well (Salawu, 2010 345).Since the attainment of independence, Nigeria has remained a social nation, which has been grappling with the problem of ethnicity on the one buy the farm and that of ethno-religious conflicts on the other hand. At the inception of independence, for administrative expediency the various ethnic factions were fused and merged together by the compoundists. Then, the colonial masters leftover wing and things started falling apart, the center no longer held.No ethnic group desired to see the other. smallish wonder then that the former Secretary of State at the British Colonial Office (1952-1959), Sir nib Smitters regretted the action taken by the British to merge diverse ethnic groups into one in Nigeria. consort to Ali (2004) cited in Adebayo (2010 214), he was reported to have lamented that it was extremely dangerous to force diverse radical and social entities into single rigid political structure.However, that body politicment was medicine later on death the deed had been done. Indeed, a imperium of almost four hundred ethnic groups, distributively having its distinct history, language, culture and political systems before the colonial rule, all preserved in mitigated forms with the British system of governance super-imposed and named Nigeria really had future implications for unity.The colonial administration, for administrative convenience, compressed and merged the various ethnic groups in their respective regions, making Hausa/Fulani, Igbo, and Yoruba the major ethnic groups and reinforced the three political/administrative divisions the northernmost, the east, and the west, under appropriate constitutional arrangement. At independence and post independence era, the status-quo of the colonial era was retained under that infantile freedom, with every group retaining its tr adition, language, and culture turn sharing the common central institutions in a federal arrangement (Adebayo, 2010 214).As a result, these major ethnic groups, because of their opportunistic positions were seen as consistently dominating the political and economic scene before and after the attainment of independence in 1960 and this led to agitations for present creation by the other minor ethnic groups who saw themselves as the marginalized groups. However, the more states were created, the more the complaints of marginalization and inequality by the new minorities against the new majorities in each state (Abdullahi and Saka, 2007).Consequently, the proliferation of ethno-religious and political turbulence in the country is therefore necessitated on the one hand by cultural, communal and religious differences and on the other hand by fear of domination nurse by the minority groups. As if what constitutes the federalism is not satisfied, there have been agitations for reversin g back to the old regional indecorum of the different groups for the purpose of determining the pace of their development and control of their respective resources.These pernicious phenomena of ethnicity and religious intolerance led to the incessant surge of ethno-religious conflicts, which gave birth to the m any ethnic militias today like the Odua slews Congress (OPC) put in place by the Yoruba in the south-western part of the country to passage of arms for the protection and defence of Yoruba in Nigeria the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), fighting for the cessation of the Igbo ethnic tribe in Nigeria the Bakassi Boys the Egbesu Boys the Ijaw Youth Congress (IYC), the Igbo Peoples congress (IPC) the Arewa People Congress (APC) and the Ohaneze Ndigbo among others.This might probably be the feeling of Elaigwu (2005 12) when he writes the violent protests in the Niger-Delta over perceived injustice in resource diffusion the Itsekiri-Ijaw emphasis in the Delta the resumption of the Ife-Modakeke communal wildness the menace of Odua Peoples Congress (OPC) and the accompanying violence in Lagos and Shagamu beas the formation of the Arewa Peoples Congress (APC) and the Igbo Peoples Congress (IPC) the MASSOB feeble attempt to resuscitate Biafra the Sharia crisis and the demands for a bond the South-South demand for the control of its resources and all the recent interethnic/religious conflicts in various states across the country be all part of the bubbles of the Nigerian federation.They are based on the historical structures of mutual fears and questions among Nigerian groups in a competitive process. They reflect dissatisfaction of Nigerian groups with the state of the federation. With the emergence of all these ethnic militias and the deep divide mingled with the various ethnic groups, religious intolerance became more violent and bloody with more devastating results using the ethnic militias as the executing pl atforms of ethno-religious agenda. Federalism thought to be an approach to subject field unity, resulted to anarchy in the country.A number of steps were taken to at least mend the disunity and disarray prevalent then and promote unity among the various ethnic groups. These included the establishment of federal institutions in some states of the federation, publicity of national cultural and sporting activities, and, more significantly, the National Youth Service Programme (NYSC), just to list a few (Adebayo, 2010). Although these steps yielded pockets of successes in achieving national unity, the unholy marriage of convenience of the ethnic groups shut up begs for irrevocable divorce. While the ethnic rivalry held sway, religious pluralism, which culminated in some(prenominal) crises, shook the country to its very roots.The pernicious effect of this trend is not entirely surprising given the fact that religion is so sensitive to Nigerians that many are not only ready to defend it at all costs, hardly are ready to die for it. Hence, religious pluralism which resulted in religious intolerance was fused with ethnic rivalry, producing the perennial spate of ethno-religious crises. And because of the violent nature of ethno-religious conflicts, which often take the form of riots, sabotage, assassinations, lynching and maiming, kidnappings, armed struggles, guerilla warfare and secession in Nigeria, they undoubtedly pose dangerous threats to democracy in Nigeria and Africa as a whole.Yes, as Jega (2007 116) truthfully stated, the genetically engineered seeds of democracy planted by our colonial masters and nevertheless successive military regimes have grown to mature crops for harvest. Instead of democracy yielding peace, stability and security to lives and property, it seems to have yielded a return, full circle spate of ethno-religious conflicts and violent eruptions. Thus, the discussion of ethno-religious conflicts in whatever context becomes all the mor e necessary given the fact that there is a phenomenal recurrence of these conflicts around the nation thereby increasing its threat level to democratic consolidation in Nigeria.It is against this backdrop that this paper attempts to probe the history, manifestations and implications of ethno-religious crises in Nigeria since the dawn of democratic dispensation. Causes of Ethno-Religious Crises in Nigeria According to Awolowo (1990 35), the notion of Nigeria as a mere geographic panorama was engendered by the forceful packaging by colonial authoritarian fiat of unwilling communities of diverse birth and culture under the same polity. Consequently, relations and political behavior of the great deals are characterized by mutual suspicion and invidious hatred since they are strange bed-fellows, who were only coerced into the nation-state via amalgamation. Until 1960, Nigeria was a British colony.Like most colonies, it was not constructed for internal coherence, but rather for the adm inistrative convenience of the British (Shively, 1997 39). Over 400 different languages and dialects are spoken within its borders, and there is also an important religious split, as the north is primarily Moslem and the south is predominantly Christian, making her not only at ethno-religious crossroads but also at linguistic crossroads. As diverse as these ethnic groups are, they are also not accommodative of each others religion and professions of faith. This state of intolerance has added up to fuel the spate of crises in Nigeria. It should be noted that religion has always been the platform for frontal expressions of ethnic aggressions and conflict.Hence, ethnocentric politics, sectional solidarity and primordial interests became orotund features in the nations political practice. Sectional and individual virtues and interest rather than collective virtues and national unity are advanced and exalted. Thus, communal orientation precluded any attachment to the state and the synd rome of the son of the defect took preference over merit and competence in the choice of policies and leaders. Although as Obasanjo and Mabogunje (1992 4) aptly observed, colonialism provided scaffolding of retentiveness the different communities together, not much change was achieved in altering communal mentality and predilection.Nonetheless, the persistent military incursion into government and politics did much harm for the body polity as national issues was broadly tribalized and primordial virtues extolled. These regimes had primordial outlook and sub-national mentality under which the northern part of the country was favoured brazenly, on one hand, and the southern part was deliberately dealt with in terms of appointments, contracts, location of government establishments, political oppression and repression as well as provision of social services and infrastructures. As a result, ethnic sectarianism has left a trail of destructive violence and even threatened the territori al integrity of Nigeria (International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2001).Indeed, after long years of authoritarian rule, when the military clique and their civilian collaborators privatized the Nigerian state (Ukiwo, 2003), politicians in the emergent Fourth Republic were all too anxious to claim control of the state and its oil wealth as well. This thus led to an unbridled competition for political relevance and spheres of interests among politicians, oddly in the context of the division of the country into geopolitical zones, states and local governments and the fact that distribution of benefits among the political segmentation depended on the ability of each member of the ruling class to deliver his constituency.This lust for power has led to the neglect of the needs of the masses and the demand for peaceful co-existence. Instead, the rulers continue to enrich their pockets through corrupt unclean means and seek for elongation of tenures for selfish gain s. In the circumstance, ethnicity, religion and other sectarian identities are exploited, resulting in avoidable violent conflicts among component units of the country. The persistence of mass poverty and increasing income inequality, largely as a result of the transformation of the fortunes of politicians and their allies from jobless neighbors to emergency billionaires in less than two years after capturing power, have deepened popular alienation. It has also called into question the legitimacy since 1999.Consequently, some of the easiest things to do in contemporary Nigeria are to mobilize an assassin, vigilante, ethnic-cum-religious militia, rioter, crowd or rented pro-government demonstrator. The result could only be imagined. The power lust of the political banality is one of the perceived causes of ethno-religious crises in Nigeria. Another reason responsible for ethno-religious crises in Nigeria is the wrong interpretation by those who claim authority to the understanding of the holy books. If not so, one wonders why people act contrary to the teaching of the holy books (whether the Quran or the Bible) in matters pertaining to peaceful co-existence, unity and sanctity of life, and property.As it is a serious disease for someone who does not have a full grasp of the interpretation of any of the holy books to claim authority to intimacy, many of the so called religious leaders use their shallow knowledge to put up interpretations to suit their selfish ends banking on the ignorance of their followers. Lamenting on the wide gap between the teaching and practice of religion among its adherents, Adebayo (2003) cited in Adebayo (2010 219) identified some instruments responsible for using religion as instrument of polarization, among which is leadership tussle, which also culminated in the proliferation of many denominations in the country.Also, sectarian jingoism, as well as excessive patriotism to ones religious sect, which consequently transformed to fana ticism, is another major factor contributing to this social menace. Salawu (2010) also noted that the failure of the Nigerian leaders to establish good governments, put to work national integration and promote what can be called real economic progress, through deliberate and provide policies, has led to mass poverty and unemployment. This has resulted into communal, ethnic, religious and class conflicts that have now characterized the Nigerian nation. Poverty and unemployment have therefore served as nursery bed for many ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria because the country now has a man-made lake of poor people who warmongers as mercenary fighters.What this means theoretically is that poverty and unemployment increase the number of people who are prepared to kill or be killed for a given course at emblem benefit. This explains why all ethno-religious crises that ever occurred in Nigeria have a large turnout of people (including the under-aged) as fighters. Lastly and very imp ortantly, and not the least, the ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria also have some historical antecedent (Salawu, 2010). This is because many governmental actions during the colonial rule and after independence encouraged, to a large extent, the sowing of the seeds of ethno-religious conflicts that are found to be rampant in the Nigerian nation today.Over the years, many events in Nigeria have led to the politicization of mistrust, intolerance, violence and acrimonious relations between the mainly Moslem north and the Christian south of Nigeria. To this extent, there has been an ill insertion of ethno-religious discrimination and incompatibility in the structures of the Nigerian State since the colonial period. The political events of the January 15, 1966 coup and the July 1966 counter-coup further entrenched ethno-religious configuration in Nigeria. This is because the killings and counter-killing that followed the coups which took ethnic and religious colorations as the Muslim dominated tribes in the north were set against the Christian-dominated tribes of the southern region.

Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail EssayMartin Luther King Jr.s revealing, Letter from Birmingham Jail, delves into the segregation, in nicety and violence of Birmingham, Alabama, belike the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States(Inquiry, p.391, paragraph 6) In response to upbraiding from eight clergymen of Birmingham, King details the process of preparation for the nonviolent protest that took place in Birmingham. put behind bars for protesting without a license, Dr. Kings words continue to reach far beyond the bars of his prison in his earn from Birmingham jail. Martin Luther King addresses the concerns and criticisms of his fellow clergymen, explaining why the African-American population of our nation cannot always be expected to inhabit for a more appropriate time to voice their concerns. Justice too long delayed is justice denied.(Inquiry, p. 393, paragraph 13)Dr. Kings wisdom is a well-known and well-cherished part of American history. Re ading his words have cemented my wonderment for his methods and his ideas. In Letter from Birmingham Jail he exposes the hypocrisy of the South and expresses his willingness to break an unjust law to coat the way for a just one. In case peacefully going to jail for his protests isnt a gimcrack enough demonstration, his letter, specifically addressed to eight fellow clergymen but meant for the nation, gets the message across.Reading this letter has make me wonder how an eloquent, charismatic and just man such as Martin Luther King could be criticized, imprisoned and at last assassinated. I question whoever cannot see the reason in Dr. Kings words. The issues of prejudice and segregation have been well ill-defined since Martin Luther Kings time, but his words still hold passion and wisdom. His work on these issues was ground breaking, and I enquiry our country would be as it is today if Dr. King had never spoken out in a time of injustice and inequality.

Project Management Essay Example for Free

offer Management canvas1. Executive SummaryThis business plan for R.E.A.L. Girlz Clothing Store has been created by an ESN to secure additional reenforcement for growth and to inform retailers and consumers of the current status and direction. R.E.A.L. Girlz Clothing Store is a new party that is presentation in Houston, Texas. The alliance anticipates great demand for its crossing, and research shows that the tar explicate market of families and positively charged surface girls would equal to buy the product pains that R. E.A.L. Girlz Clothing Store offers.R.E.A.L. Girlz Clothing Store is also interested in extending their product line with new creative additions and plans to explore opportunities for online selling. The marketing environment has been very receptive to the companys blue quality products. In the future, R.E.A.L. Girlz Clothing Store looks to increase its distribution, offer new products, and further new customers.Goals Definition StatementGoal Definit ionThis proposal design ramble stand be the first major strategic design that we will apply to our original concept and designs. The design will consist of girls plus size designs, accessories of all colors and patterns to match clothes. Our goal is to create trendy designs of clothing and accessories that will consist of tops, pants, outerwear, active wear, shoes, under garments, purses, and accessories. R.E.A.L. Girlz Clothing Store fashions will provide a high quality product w present the image is recognizable among the young fashion conscience consumers. It will create a sense of community among plus size girls and their families who purchase the product.Goals that address our missionThe major focus of this foresee is to seek to be the leading brand of quality clothing for plus size girls by offer clothing designed with them in mind. * Provide plus size girls with the most dynamic clothing line where styles be contemporary, trendy and just as fashionable as their counter parts. * Clothing creating a boost of self-assertion and an opportunity to show how proud they are to be plus size girls. Goals that address self-sustainmentWith this plan in place we expect to* To gain maximum market share over the first five geezerhood * To track greet and find offices of lowering them to make our product more competitive in the market place * To analyze the advertising dollars spent* Develop a successful Internet site, dapple maintaining strong relationships with retailers * Introduce two new product linescustomized logo clothing and accessoriesObjective Definition* cognitive process Looking forward at our five year plan, we expect this new design to provide revenue. The pass judgment amount of revenue the company wishes to make annually is $80,000. A market survey will be conducted so that we will see how our product will place values with our consumers. * Cost Estimate blueprint plans include, materials, makers, distribution, which expected estimate c ould be $120,000 on an annual basis. * Total Project Cost $400,000.00* Schedule Project duration expected to be five yearsPROJECT OBJECTIVES* To flip a plus size girls clothing store, within 9 months and at a start up cost non to outgo $400,000.00. DELIVERABLESPlus size girls clothing pattern accessories that will be available at the R.E.A.L. Girlz Stores and through the company website are expected to include* Purses* Cell Phone Covers* Tablet CoversScope StatementProject crapR.E.A.L. Girlz Clothing StoreProject ManagerElla CurlProject Objective To have a plus size girls clothing store, within 9 months and at a start up cost not to exceed $400,000.00. DeliverablesThe store will have* Inventory* POS system* Fixtures* Security cameras* Mannequins* Package that will provide backup process for POS Systems* Package that will provide backup process for ITTECHNICAL REQUIREMENTSPOS systems will have the capabilities to ring up sales even before adding inventory, barcode scanning, custo mer reward options, and customer mass e-mail options. It will also allow for employees to sign in and show inventory management, purchasing/receiving and reports.LIMITS AND EXCLUSIONSManufacturers reserve the business to contract the R.E.A.L. Girlz Store and are responsible for work done by sub contractors. Distributors reserve the serious and are responsible for all loads of product through third party shipping companies. R.E.A.L. Girlz Store website is getatable from Sunday through Saturday 700 a.m. EST to 1000 p.m. EST. The POS systems will have access to QuickBooks Accounting but not QuickBooks Pro. GiftLogic software is sold separately.Work Breakd have got StructureThe following Work Breakdown Structure or WBS Gantt Chart provides a snapshot of the project and indicates that the project objectives will be performed by both(prenominal) internal and external project team members. It is important that it is understood and agreed upon by all stakeholders that this is considere d a time-constrained project. The risk of exposures that could affect this time-constrained structure will be discussed in the following section.Net DiagramThe following chart is the Net Diagram of the project task. This diagram shows all the relationship between the tasks, and the critical path. It shows any changes of the tasks and the solvent of the project. stake Management PlanThe following are a list of risks that might vitrine the project delays or failures with their respective outcomes (see numerical list below). The four risks that are in orange bold are key risks that appear in the Risk Assessment Table. 1) Getting approved business loan This could cause a delay if the owner is unable to get an approved loan to establish the business.2) Meeting criteria to get business license This could delay the project if the owner doesnt have the proper documents to get license for the business. 3) Lack of Infrastructure Availability This is the lack of having a designated buildin g within the citys own infrastructure, whereas, the product will have to be produced in a different area leaving the risk of increase in the cost and project completion time.4) Natural Disaster This risk could cause the project to be hault due to any unexpected weather conditions such as hurricane, tornado, etc. that may pass by. 5) misinterpreted Product Design This could delay the product if the product is not designed according to the requested specifications of the customers. 6) Website break up In dealing with internet based customers if the website were to have technical difficulties, this risk could delay the product from customers who workshop solely by website ordering.7) Manufacturers Delay This risk includes the possibility of the manufacturer being able to produce the product on time, which could delay the production time by way of any issues incurring at the manufacturer center. Such as lack of employees to help get the product produce. 8) Distributers untimely ship ment The risk here is found if the distribution center is unable to or there is a delay in shipment arrival by required date, due to time disruption of some sort by way of backorder, etc.9) Project Manager has personalised matter This could delay the project if the manager has a personal matter such as death of an immediate family member. 10) Product misplacement This risk can occur due to shipping agency shipping the product to the wrong address, or address information is miscommunicated.Risk AssessmentThe following is an assessment of these risks in terms of the luck of project occurrence and the negative cost impact of project outcomes. Risk analysis attempts to quantify the severity of the impact of an identified risk event. The probability is subject to change.Risk ResponseFor each risk, we have determined the action that will be taken in an event this risk should occur. The following will take place, either accept, reduce or reassign the risk. The Risk Response Table identif ies a brief contingency plan for the risks that have been identified.

Cheating in sports Essay Example for Free

deception in sports EssayThe topic that I am researching is Cheating in Sports, from illegal drugs use, gambling, to federal indictments, NASCAR, whole characters and its impact economically and socially on decree. Because millions and millions of dollars are won and lost in the world of sports, as well as the social impact it has with the public/society. So the questions that come to mind are, why do we care and identify with our teams so much? What is the appeal, what do we find so admirable about harming in a sporting game? Where do we draw the line when it comes to cheating in sports?why as a society do we place such a high emphasis on harming in sports Narrative Hook 1 Is societys obsession with winning jeopardizing the single of sports? This hook draws readers in and creates interest because it immediately captures their attention by affecting the reader to consider societies graphic symbol in by chance jeopardizing sports integrity. Readers can relate because e very society in the world has some type of sports team, either, locally, or nationally they relate to, from the young to the old.Also, the majority of well-nigh people are not, were not athletic supporters or involved in sports as a profession or employment or even at the amateur and recreational level. Most people (society) are fans of a peculiar(prenominal) sport and follow it, whether fast or as a casual interest. Narrative Hook2 Who is to blame, the athlete, the sport, the public for the wide cattle farm cheating in sports? This hook draws and captures readers interest because it now particular propositionally looks at several possibilities to consider and that most people will fit into.Depending on their own personal position, as an athlete, or former, involved in a sport as an employee, recreationally, or just a fan, they can relate on a personal level as it pertains to cheating in sports. I ask though, who is to blame, the athlete? How do you communicate a young kid wh os family has been living in poverty, and has the chance to earn millions and change their lives by taking a little blue, white, pill that will give him a competitive advantage and possibly make that dream come trueWhen millions upon millions are at stake, a Super Bowl, a terra firma Series and your team has the tapes of the opposing teams plays, or the signals of the pitcher, and it can mean the difference of being crowned the succeeder or not, what stops you, the coach, owner, to not cross that line, or should we say who stops you? That World Series winning home run, or that kick-off returning touchdown to win the Super Bowl, or that last round knockout by the underdog to win the match for the championship, what if you found out they all were the result of cheating? Would it make a difference, or would it not?Week 4 Significance of the purpose statement is multifaceted. It is to provide the goal or mean outcome of a study (in this scenario). Sets the objective, based on the nee d or problem and then particular or specific questions are developed (research questions) focusing on a single concept (phenomenon) or idea. The overall intent of this grounded theory study is to understand the ethical and economic impact that cheating in sports has on athletes and society. This will focus on exploring the experience of the fans (society), individual athletes and sports organizations.Conducted with individual interviews via phone or in person, at sporting events, sports organization, both professional, collegiate, high school, and recreational in the Charlotte and surrounding region, as well as various internet sites. At this stage in the research, the impact that cheating has in sports will mostly be defines as the economic view and the short term ethical effects on society and athlete. Fellow classmates, as I worked on developing my purpose statement, my challenge was what and how to narrow down to a single phenomenon.There is much to consider I am trying to con nect the dots of a a few(prenominal) things. How cheating by some athlete effects the ethics of others to cheat, when they can see the competitive gain and possible financial as well Then there are the fans, society, and how it impacts them, and their perspective of the individual athletes, their specific team and finally the sports organizations As I stated last week, to the fans, does it make a difference, if their favorite athlete was caught, or their team? Is the problem with the athlete, or is it with us?In the reading it does state, that in a qualitative study, advance a single phenomenon, recognizing that the study may develop into an exploration of relationships or comparisons among ideas. So, I ask your help, should I just state, that my single phenomenon is maybe just the ethical aspects of cheating, or just the economical and additionally, should I focus on just one specific group, the athlete, society, sports organizations or leave as is with the thought that as stated above it will develop into other relationships or comparisons that can be expounded on in the research?

Employee Retention and Interviewing Essay Example for Free

Employee Retention and Interviewing EssayWhen S divulgehwest Airlines wants to conduct employees, they tend to be in possession of 142,000 applicants. They obviously want to choose the person who leave behind suit their organizational culture the best. To achieve this accusing they need to ask the right forefronts when interviewing the applicants. These interrogations should be much(prenominal) that they provide a clear picture as to which applicant will be best for the job and the organization as a whole. You can intent behavioral-based job interview questions to help you select superior scenes. Ask interview questions that help you identify whether the candidate has the behaviors, skills, and experience needed for the job you atomic number 18 filling. (Top job interview questions to help you select the Best, Susan M. Heathfield) Before showmagazine the interview the interviewer should describe the essential functions of the job and ask the interviewee if he can perfo rm those functions with or without accommodations. (http//www. alllaw. com/articles/ transaction/article13. asp)The first competency question should be related to the baron to recruit and interview applicants, how often during your stand firm job did you need to interview applicants and describe a situation in which the first impression of the applicant could have altered your judgment. Through this question the interviewer may get an idea of the prejudices the person might or might not hold. Southwest Airlines need to make sure that their employees do not discriminate against sealed races and are able to handle all sorts of situations hands on.The second question is related to the employees mogul to perform reference checks on potential employees. When a former employer was not willing to provide development about a potential employee, how did you handle the situation and perform the necessary reference check? this question will help the Airlines figure out if the employee i s responsible enough to go through the necessary subprogram or would overlook some things and carry on.The third question is about the employees skill to propose and conduct regularly scheduled organizational orientation programs. Tell me about an incidence where last instant changes were made in the orientation plan, these changes were not known to you. How did you cope with these lat minute changes? this question will help identify the employees capabilities in a chaotic situation. For airlines these situations are quite common and such a characteristic will be beneficial for the organization. The fourth question is connected with the employees ability to prepare and explain HR policies and procedures.Tell me about a situation where there was a change in the company policy and the employees did not take the change well. What did you do? This will help the employer or interviewer for Southwest Airlines find out the opinion of the employee about some policies and procedures tha t may be adopted by the company or already exist within the company. The fifth question is about the employees ability to develop and maintain up-to-date job descriptions. How many job descriptions have you developed in your time as an employee here at Southwest and what were some of the major difficulties you faced while carrying out your organize? this question will help understand if the employee will be able to assess the applicants capabilities and send him to the department that suits him best.The sixth question for the employee should be based on his ability to administer a compensation program and monitor salary increase recommendations to ensure compliance with merit increase guidelines. The question here will be, what is your view on performance appraisals, are they necessary or not, do they inspire employees to do better on the job? This question will help understand what the employees are expecting and what benefits they want for the jobs they perform on a weekly or daily basis.By asking these questions from the lively employees, the top management at Southwest Airlines will know the sort of employees who will be screened out from the 142,000 applicants. The number of employees they actually need is 4000, thus the company needs to be careful as to who they hire and retain. By interviewing the interviewers beforehand the organization is making sure they hire the right people. Also, when your interview questions ask the applicant to tell you about behaviors and actions she has actually demonstrated in the past, your selection process will improve.

Turkey and Saudi Arabia Similarities and Differences

Turkey and Saudi Arabia Similarities and DifferencesToday we atomic number 18 going to discuss the similarities and differences amongst two societies, Turkish and Saudi Arabian, from the cultural and moral point of view. for the first time it is important to get familiar with these definitions.Culture is the way of life, sh ard beliefs, values, customs and behaviours, that the members of parliamentary law use to fuck with their world and with one another, and that ar transmitted from generation to generation through learning.Norms specify the type of behaviour that is considered appropriate and normal in a society. For example, norms of pose give guidelines on what to assume. Norms are set of rules that go from society to society. A change in society leads to new ways of behaving and therefore culture and norms are always changing.Values are general rules and principles that tell us what is good, important and worth striving for in our society. Values lay down general prin ciples and guidelines. discrimination concerns differences in access to scarce resources when one root is better positioned than the other in society. Social inequality involves voting rights, freedom of speech, education and many more. Inequality is present in any society, even if it is said that all members in society are equal. twain countries share similar history, culture and values. Religion in particular plays a big part in peoples lives. The major religion is Islam, the second largest religion in the world. In Saudi Arabia, Islam is the only officially accepted religion and other religions in the country are not tolerated. Turkey is more democratic in this way. While in Turkey state and church are separated, religion in Saudi Arabia influences every aspect of social and political life. Even the legal system is based on sharia (Islamic) law. The forms of penalty in this country are, according to some organizations, against human rights. For example, theft is punish quali fied by amputation of the right hand. welt is way of punishment for offenses against religion, drunkenness and gambling. The death penalty is the highest form of punishment in the country and is use for a range of convictions including the distribution of drugs from abroad. The death sentence was similarly practiced in Turkey, but it has since been rock-bottom to thirty years imprisonment. Homosexuality is strictly forbidden in both societies (a view strongly cogitate to religious beliefs), and is punishable by lashing, prison or death.Inequality, in both societies, is most distinguished between men and women. Saudi women suffer discrimination in a range of areas within their daily lives. For example, women are not allowed to drive cars or ride bicycles on public roads and the driving age of 25 is one of the highest in the world. Saudi Arabia is also one of the four remaining countries that have not allow women the right to vote. Women cannot travel abroad without the allowan ce or presence of a male guardian (mahram), and also have to be accompanied by a close male from the family (father or brothers) when outside of house. As chastity and sexual modesty are very highly valued, women can be arrested for socializing with a man who is not a relative and may be charged with prostitution. In public, dancing, playing medication and showing movies is forbidden. Women make up just 5% of the workforce in Saudi Arabia, which is the lowest simile in the world. A womans status within the family is high, especially in the roles of mother and sister. However, their rights may continue to be restricted, for example, it is believed that women should stay at home, caring for their husbands and youngsterren. Most marriages are arranged and polygamy is permitted up to four wives.Similar attitudes towards women had existed in Turkey, but in 1926 new reforms brought changes to the position of women in society. Polygamy was abolished and it is very rare nowadays. Along w ith religious marriages and divorce, child custody became the right of both women and men. Education levels of women have increased since the reforms and many Turkish women are able to access education, have jobs and careers. The right to vote was granted in 1930.Although the position of women outside of family has changed significantly, inside it carcass more or less the same. Husbands remain at the head of family and woman must have their permission to work or their approval if going out. Both Saudi Arabian and Turkish societies place enormous value on the family and take their responsibilities seriously. Families tend to be large and the extended family remains close.Significant inequality also exists between women from different sectors of societies. Women in these two states have different life styles and rights. For example, abortion in Turkey is legal up to ten weeks, while in Saudi Arabia it remains illegal, except in situations where the mothers life may be at risk.The no rms for public behaviour in Saudi Arabia are extremely conservative. To ensure that these standards of conduct are observed, the Saudi religious police can arrest foreigners for improper dress and other alleged infractions, such as consumption of alcoholic beverage. Turkish women no longer have to wear the veils and long garments, whereas in Saudi Arabia it is still required by the old religious beliefs. While alcohol is banned in Saudi Arabia, it is allowed in Turkey. In Turkey, Friday is considered a normal working day, regardless of the accompaniment that to Muslims it is considered a dedicated day. Saudi Arabians continue to acknowledge this tradition most shops and other public places are closed on Friday and individuals practice their prayers. All Muslims pray five times a day and during the holy month of Ramadan they must fast from dawn to dusk (this includes eating, drinking and smoking). According to Islam, the left hand is considered uncleanly and reserved for persona l hygiene.To conclude, Turkey is now considered a secular state, the first ever Islamic society to be considered as such. In contrast, Saudi Arabias unique culture makes marks it as a distinguished Islamic country. People in these countries are extremely proud of their culture, heritage and nationality.BibliographyM. Haralambos and M. Holborn (2008) Sociology , Themes and Perspectiveshttp//marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/normsdef.htmhttp//www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/ humanistic discipline/anthropology/courses/122/module1/culture.htmlhttp//travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1012.htmlhttp//www.enjoyturkey.com/info/culture.htmhttp//www.eastwestinquirer.com/Islamic%20Turkey%20Versus%20Islamist%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm

Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behaviour

Characteristics affect Consumer BehaviourConsumers tainting doings has been comprehensively re take careed by marketers in order to understand how, what and why customers buy fruits and on what are the basis of their terminations. The fundamental basic approach into analysing consumer buyer demeanour is considered the Stimulus chemical reaction model developed by Pavlov shown in Figure . In this model consumers are subject to selling stimuli as well as other stimuli such as economic, technological, political and cultural events. These are and then evaluated by the customers black box which is based on personal buyer characteristics and purpose processes, and hence diametrical buyer responses are observed (Kotler Armstrong, 2001).Figure Model of Buyer BehaviourKotler Armstrong (2001) define the conventional purchase decision process in cardinal consequent steps which consist ofProblem identificationinformation searchEvaluation of AlternativesPurchasing decisionPost p urchase behaviourThe above model implies that the get process initiates quite before the actual purchase and continues after. The process amazes with the neediness recognition where the consumer recognizes a job or a need, which could be ca utilized by internal or external stimuli. The consumer will hence start to search and gather information in order to satisfy their needs. Information can be obtained from a variety of sources such as personal sources, commercial sources, public sources, and experiential sources. Once the consumer is armed with the require information, the consumer uses this information to evaluate alternatives in recognizeed the cross out. Following the evaluation of the options functional, the consumer is required to make the purchase decision and select which brand to purchase. The loop doesnt close with the purchase of the product, but rather post purchase behaviour recognises whether the product meets the consumers expectations. Customer satisfaction is key because it will result in repeat customers and cocksure word of mouth.Characteristics bear upon consumer behaviourConsumer behaviour is highly bewitchd by external and internal factors. The external factors are divided into five sectors Demographics, socio-economics, technology and public policy culture subculture reference groups and marketing. The internal factors include a variety of psychological factors, such as beliefs and attitudes, motivation, perception, learning and self-image (Malcolm, 2001). Studies contrive shown that these factors and others that fall beyond the marketers control have a square impact on consumers behaviour and buy decisions (Dibb, et al., 2001 Solomon Stuart, 2003).Shah (2010) refers to traditionalistic consumer behaviour in purchasing cheeseparings and services as the process of selecting, purchasing and consuming of goods and services that satisfies consumer wants. Consumers select the product they would like to consume by identifying the good or product that provides them with the greatest value in return. Hence the consumer will focus on the available spending power to obtain the commodity. Following the analysis of cost and price of the commodity, a final decision is taken to select the best option that satisfies the consumer needs. This process does not occur in vacuum, and is highly playd by various factors such as social, cultural, personal and psychological factors.Although marketers have little or no influence on the menti nonpareild factors, they still have some very important tools which may affect the buying decision process. The marketing mix, also known as the 4Ps product, price, place and promotion, is the set of controllable marketing tools that the firm uses to influence consumers behaviour in order to obtain a desired response from the target market (McCarthy, 1960).Online purchase BehaviourSince the expansion of the World Wide weather vane in the mid-1990s, the Internet has grown to become one of the virtually powerful distribution channels with a rapid increase in ecommerce transactions. This raised the need for marketers to discover the customers online behaviour and understand their decision making process when making purchases online. There are unquestionable differences between offline and online consumer behaviour. In his study, Vijayasarathy (2001) tried to clarify consumer online shopping behaviour by integrating web specialized factors into the supposition of Reasoned Action (TRA). Further more(prenominal) Song and Zahedi (2001) examined the effects of website design on the espousal of meshing shopping by developing on the model of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).Oppenheim and Ward (2006) show that consumers are motivated to buy online because of the convenience provided. The earnings provides unlimited opportunities for potential customers to purchase products at some(prenominal) given time and place. The internet also provides limitless info rmation about products and services which is easily social to online visitors. Furthermore when comparing online shopping to traditional shopping, there are no waiting lines for shoppers on the internet and no pressure coming from sales wad (Smith Rupp, 2003). nonetheless studies show that the internet has become a useful tool for comparative shopping, where substance abusers browse the web to search and compare products, whilst making it easy to defect the purchasing process (Degeratu, et al., 2000). Furthermore Anfusos research (2004) shows that the online search for information about products drive offline sales. Consumers prefer to search for product information online since it is much more convenient, and hence purchase the product from a brick and mortar store. contrastive authors have identified various divergent personas describing what the online buyers look like. Marker (2011) suggests that online buyers tend to exhibit the following psychological characteristics egoc entric, impatient, impulsive, educated, informed, thrifty, private, cautious, indecisive and pleasure-driven. In their study Donthu and Garcia (1999) propose that online shoppers tend to be convenience seekers and tare easily influenced by marketing campaigns. Furthermore they also put forward that internet users are less price and brand conscious, whilst also suggesting that these have a higher purchasing power. Other studies show that online customers are more promising to be of a young age with a high disposable income. It is also propose that they have a solid level of education in particular in computer literacy, as well as being big retail spenders (Allred, et al., 2006).As mentioned earlier there are various factors which impact the traditional consumer behaviour. Liang and Lai (2000) suggest that online consumer behaviour has similarities with the traditional consumer behaviour, where consumers recognize a need for a product or service, use the internet to search for infor mation, evaluate alternatives to choose the best solution and finally purchase the product followed by post purchase evaluation.However other studies indicate that there exist various factors that differ from the traditional consumer markets to the online environment. Refernce groups effecting consumer behaviour online have taken the form of virtual communities, consisting of blogs, forums and other forms of discussion groups (Huarng Christopher, 2003). Social influences, such as experiences, recommendations and tastes of online bloggers have an effect on online consumer buying behaviour and have a significant impact on the final decision the consumer makes. In their study Hasslinger, et al., (2007) highlight the fact that cultural differences also highly influece online consumer behaviour, especially the difference in social clan the consumer belongs to. Consumers who form part of a higher social class have a higher probability of owning a computer with internet access, and thus they are more likely to purchase online than consumers from lower social classes.Personal influences effecting online behaviour also relates to the income the consumers earn, since there exists a positive correlation between households with higher income and computer possession, internet access and advanced level of education (Monsuwe, et al., 2004). succession was also recognised as being another determinant for effecting online shopping behaviour (Smith Rupp, 2003). Younger people are more pertinent in using the internet as a shopping moderate compared to the older generation, since the latter tend to have less technical know-how and are far less run to commit and trust online vendors. Furthermore Smith and Rupp (2003) classify motivation, perception, personality, attitude and emotions as the set of psychological characteristics influencing online consumer behaviour.With the put of Web 2.0 in 2004, the fundamental interaction between online consumers and vendors has become a reality, which became possible due to evolution of high-velocity broadband connections. Web 2.0 consists of a collection of interactive tools and social communication techniques which are aimed to increase user participation and engagement online through its virtual word of mouth (Chaffey, 2011). In their study, Wirtz, et al., (2010), identify social networking and interaction factors as the two most important factors affecting online consumer behaviour from the Web 2.0 era. Moreover social networking provides online consumers with intensify trust factors and helps retain online customers, which is fundamental for online retailers (Jarvenpaa, et al., 2000).In their research, Cheung, et al., (2003), analysed 351 publications and classified the theories used to understand online consumer behaviour. They conclude that the principal models in assessing this area are the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) together with the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and the Theory of Planned Behavio ur (TPB). Other theories which have been tested include The Expectation Confirmation Theory (ECT) and basis Diffusion Theory (IDT). Table provides the list of the most frequently tested theories in the area online consumer behaviour together with their references.Cheung, et al., (2003) take a holistic view of the online consumer purchase process, where they investigate the connection between the intention, adoption and continuance of purchase from online consumers. Their Model of Intention, Adoption and Continuance (MIAC) recognised that businesses primarily focused their efforts in attracting online customers. However due to stiff competition, organisations changed their attention from initial purchase to retaining customers and building customer loyalty.Table References of Online Consumer Behaviour look forOnline marketers persuasion toolsConsumers are subject to influences from marketers which might impact their purchasing behaviour. Marketers provide stimuli to the consumers black box in order to yield and influence the consumers decision prior to making their purchase decision (Kotler Armstrong, 2001). The set of controllable (i.e., traditional marketing) and uncorrectable (i.e., environmental factors and personal characteristics of the consumer) factors between online and traditional markets do not vary fundamentally, where two markets have factors which are within the influence of marketers and some factors which fall beyond their reach.As discussed above, most uncontrollable factors are quite similar for both the traditional and online markets (Dibb, et al., 2001 Solomon Stuart, 2003). However a thorough analysis of the online consumer purchasing decision indicates that the controllable factors influencing the traditional markets are distinct from those influencing the online market. Although most of the traditional marketing activities, such as mass advertising and sales promotions, can be applied to the online market in order to try and influ ence the online consumer behaviour, they are likely to be futile due to the changing nature of the online consumer (Urban Hauser, 2003). Moreover, Constantinides and Geurts (2005) suggest that traditional marketing tools are ineffective when targeting potential global online customers dispersed across different geographical regions.Since most of the interactions between online customers and online vendors occur on the web, a logical assumption is that the main marketing influences produced from the online vendors are experience by customers online. Online marketers can influence the online consumer behaviour primarily by delivering the proper online experience, more known as the Web Experience. The virtual marketing elements constructing the online consumers Web Experience are under the e-marketers control and can fig or influence the consumers behaviour during an online interaction (Constantinides, 2004 Constantinides Geurts, 2005).Forces influencing customers purchase intentio n (Model)The Web experience is a conclave of online functionality, information, cues, stimuli and products/services (Constantinides, 2004). The company website is primary medium of delivering the Web experience, which is the gateway between the organisation and the online customers. Constantinides (2004) explores the idea of introducing the Web experience as one of the controllable marketing factors influencing the online consumers behaviour. Figure illustrates the controllable and uncontrollable elements influencing the online consumer behaviour.Figure Forces influencing the online consumers behaviourSource Based on Constantinides framework (2004)Web ExperienceWeb Experience ElementsContent mobAestheticsMarketing MixPsychological CategoryTrust and CommitmentFunctionality CategoryUsabilityInteractivity