Energy Crisis In Pakistan And Its Solutions Environmental Sciences Essay

qualification Crisis In Pakistan And Its Solutions environmental Sciences EssayAn dexterity crisis is completely great shortfall in the contri thoe of get-up-and-go re germs to an saving. It ordinarily refers to the shortfall of crude oil and additionally to electrical efficacy or former(a) arsecel resources.The crisis often has effects on the rest of the economy, with umpteen recessions creation ca apply by an cypher crisis in some form. In buildericular, the toil costs of electrical talent rise, which raises manufacturing costs.For the consumer, the hurt of petrol and diesel for cars and former(a) vehicles rises, leading(p) to reduced consumer confidence and spending, luxuriouslyer transportation costs and general price advance.ENERGY CRISIS IN PAKISTANCrisisis one word which has become part of cut-and-dry Pakistanis vocabulary handle nonhing else. Firstwe have sugar crisis, indeed w catch fire followed by electricity and to add much go off to the evoke now we argon going through with(predicate) the worst splash shortage in our history. In Punjab this crisis has hurt the most with each person agony its consequences. Thousands of daily waged workers have become jobless in industrial aras like Faisalabad, in homes women folk is suffering to feed their children, passengers wait for hours as the universal transport has no CNG plot of land those having personal transport wait for hours in order to obtain much required CNG refilling.Our inno pennyime executives like their herald have a bucket full of exc example ups in order to free this mismanagement. For price hike and declining economy they have the common tag simple eye of market mechanism and international slow pop discover to justify this phenomena. In parapraxis of electricity and shove along appoint shedding they corporation find no high-priced reason simply to curse increasing pack. The reality which they neer accept is the fact that this shortfall is depriving our state from billions of rupees by non availing this opportunity of earning revenue, instead of wasting time on IMF imposed RGST and much more. somewhat conspiracy theories have floated for quite some time blaming this shortfall as a dirty mean to maximize their benefits. Like in electricity crisis they have managed to pull out the much debated Rental mogul get offs while in case of foul up shortage they atomic number 18 earning billions from taxes imposed on petroleum products and LPG. In short this recklessness put up just be justified by except one reason, which is that our plans on mean solar day to day backside rather than planning in familys as through with(p) in the developed countries.Energy resources have depleted Whatever resources argon available be simply too expensive to buy or already acquired by countries which had planned and acted long time ago. Delayed efforts in the exploration sector have not been able to find capable amounts of ap titude resources. Nations of the initiation which have their own reserves atomic number 18 not pictureing skill resources anymore only the old contracts made decades ago argon active. Airplanes, trains, cars, motorbikes, buses and trucks, all modes of transportation are approach to a stands money box. galore(postnominal) industries have closed collectible to insufficient personnel contribute. Price of oil has gone above the ceiling. At internal level, alternate methods like solar, biogas and other(a) methods are world tried for mere survival.The above is a in all probability scenario of Pakistan and easily-nigh the globe later 25 days. A pessimistic view, further realistic enough to think around and plan for the future. barely are we doing any matter or so it? Lets have a tone at the menses dexterity situation of Pakistan and the conception.Pakistans economy is performing at a very high note with GDP growing at an exceptional rate, rivaling 8.35% in 2004-0 5.In its history of 58 historic period, thither has been only a few lucky years where the economy grew above 7%. This year functionary expectations are that GDP appendage rate leave be around 6.5 7.0%. For the coming years, the organisation is targeting GDP harvest-tide rate above 6%. With economy growing at much(prenominal) a pace, the dynamism emergencys are in all probability to increment with a similar rate. For 2004-05, Pakistans get-up-and-go outlay touched 55.5 MTOE (Million lots of Oil Equivalent).The efficacy consumption is expected to grow at branched digit if the oerall economy sustains the targeted GDP growth rate of 6% by the government. Pakistans aptitude requirements are expected to double in the side by side(p) few years, and our energy requirements by 2015 is likely to cross 120MTOE. By 2030, the nations requirement result be 7 times the current requirement gain 361MTOE. Pakistans energy requirements are fulfilled with more than 80% of energy r esources through imports.On the other hand, international oil prices have not only broken all records tho are touching new upside every day straightway or indirectly affecting the black gold indus campaign. Moreover, speculators all around the world expect oil prices to touch $100 per barrel in medium term. With cin one caserns over Irans thermo thermonuclear program, terrorist issues in Nigeria and high economic growth in mainland China India and their ever lift energy requirements, oil prices dont see any another way but to shoot upwards.BACKGROUND OF CRISIS FEARED IN PAKISTANPower crisis feared by 2007The country whitethorn plunge into energy crisis by the year 2007 due to rising electricity carry which enters into double digit figure adjacent increasing sale of electrical and electronic appliances on lease finance, it is reliably learnt Thursday.The country whitethorn face energy crisis by the year 2007 following healthy growth of 13 per centime in electricity demand during the buy the farm quarter, which pull up stakes erode surplus production in absence of commissioning of any new precedent contemporaries confuse during this financial year, informed sources told The Nation.As per Pakistan Economic Survey 2003-04, electricity consumption has increased by 8.6 per cent during first three-quarter of last fiscal year. However, a top level WAPDA official maintained that electricity demand surged up to 13 per cent during last quarter.The sector said household sector has been the thumpingst consumer of electricity accounting for 44.2 per cent of total electricity consumption followed by industries 31.1 per cent, agriculture 14.3 per cent, other government sector 7.4 per cent, commercial 5.5 per cent and street light 0.7 per cent.Keeping in view the past trend and the future development, WAPDA has similarly revised its freight forecast to eight per cent per annum as against previous estimates of five per cent on average. Even the revised loa d forecast has to a fault failed all assessments due to which Authority has left no other option but to start load management this year, which whitethorn convert into scheduled load shedding over a period of two year, sources maintained.The country necessitate a quantum jump in electricity genesis in medium-term scenario to take back the possibilities of load shedding in future due to shrinking fracture betwixt demand and supply of electricity at peak hours. fit in to an official light up-up, the gap among firm supply and peak hours demand has already been sh fertilisek to three digit (440 MW) during this fiscal and testament slip into banish columns next year (-441 MW) and further intensify to (-1,457 MW) during the financial year 2006-07.The report maintained that the difference between firm supply and peak demand is estimated at 5,529 MW by the year 2009-10 when firm electricity supply give stand at 15,055 MW against peak demand of 20,584 MW.Ch ambianceman WAPDA Tariq Hamid at a Press gatheringChairman WAPDA Tariq Hamid at a Press conference early this year warned nigh the come-at-able energy crisis and stressed the requisite for quantum jump in spring contemporaries. The experts say it could only be possible through a mega send off of hydro business office multiplication otherwise the gap between firm supply and peak demand will remain on the rise.QUEST FOR ENERGY SECURITYEnergy has become an important essential for the economic development of a country. On one hand it is employ for the industrial and agricultural conceptions and on the other hand it is required for domestic use of the citizens. Natural gas is the fastest growing native energy source. Globally Energy Crisis in Pakistan 5 consumption of natural gas is projected to increase by nearly 70 percent between 2002 and 2025, with the most vigorous growth in demand expected among the emergent economies. Consumption of natural gas worldwide increases in the forecast by an avera ge of 2.3 percent annually from 2002 to 2025, compared with projected annual growth range of 1.9 percent for oil consumption and 2.0 percent for sear consumption. The electric ply sector accounts for almost one-half of the total incremental growth in worldwide natural gas demand over the forecast period. south ASIA IS IMPORTANT TO WORLD ENERGY MARKETS in the south Asia is important to world energy markets because it contains 1.3 billion people and is experiencing rapid energy demand growth. After India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the next widest South Asian countries in these categories. Economic and population growth in South Asia have resulted in rapid increases in energy consumption in recent years. The major energy issues facing South Asian nations today are keeping up with rapidly rising energy demand. Agency for energy consumption has projected that by the year 2010 South Asian countries shall be consuming more than double the current levels of primary commercial energy. THIRD LARGEST COUNTRY IN USE OF instinctive GASPakistans largest energy source is natural gas, with demand and imports growing rapidly. Currently, natural gas supplies 49 percent of Pakistans energy needs. According to the Oil and be adrift Journal (OGJ), as of January 1, 2005, Pakistan had 26.83 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves. Pakistan is looking to increase its gas production to support increasing consumption through Pipelines from Iran and Turkmenistan. Currently, Pakistan ranks third in the world for use of natural gas as a motor fuel, behind Brazil and Argentina. In addition, Pakistan hopes to make gas the fuel of choice for future electric proponent generation projects. Pakistan ambitiously seeks to increase oil production through new alliances with inappropriate companies. Pakistans dough oil imports are projected to rise substantially in coming years as demand growth outpaces increases in production. crazy TO ENERGY IS NEEDED IN PAKISTANElectri city generation from drive offsRecent increase in pollution due to the human and industrial superfluity has pressure the man to devise ways to use it as an energy source. Energy from the snitch is a recycling ferment known asincineration. The process of incineration is the combustion of bollix material to make electricity or heat at large. This trend of generating electricity is more popular in underdeveloped countries because they are facing the severe pollution hazards. Incineration reduces the fling off and proves dishful in generating energy.Recent studies have shown that a pack of impregnable waste contains or so 548 watts of energy which is equal to one barrel oil. As the world is acquiring polluted day by day and important energy resources are scarce waste energy bathroom be a utile technique in many ways. First of all the unfaltering waste from the industry and household stinkpot be controlled. Secondly it can be use to try electricity. Waste from energy pro cess not only military services reduce waste but also is a cheap and affordable way of generate energy. Many developed countries in the world are selling their useful solid industrial waste to the third world countries. Energy from waste is utilized to charge electric batteries as well(p). The heaps of garbage in the world are spreading diseases. All the populate countries in the world are thinking of transferring their garbage waste to gratuitous lands in the world by paying a little fee. It may help those countries but can be fatal for the people nutriment near those lands.Therefore the ultimate antecedent is to utilize this garbage to generate energy. Many forms of fuel can be generated through the recycle of waste material which embarrasss biofuel, ethanol from wasted water, hydrogen from garbage and electricity. The various forms of waste can be utilized to overcome the energy crises as well. This can also prove to be a way of earning silver. Waste energy bequeath pla nt can provide electricity to many business leader projects, and one can actually sell electricity to hospitals, fountain homes and tenuous enterprises. Energy waste power plants are also environment friendly.The use of sanitary landfill techniques has immensely dropped form 8000 to 1,767 in United States alone in the recent years. USA also shits 2500MW energy each year with the help of waste energy only. Many other countries in the world are making use of the waste energy.Recently Sweden, Japan and India has implanted energy waste power plants at large. Underdeveloped countries like Pakistan have also started an energy waste power project with the cooperation of Apex civic authority. This power project has been started with a view to counter the severe energy crises in coming years. The increasing trend of urbanization and a change in the living style has led to the piles of waste in large cities. as mentioned earlier the waste to energy power plants can also create jobs for man y. This energy can also be exported to poor countries. Waste energy can help us fight the extreme conditions of global warming due to industrial waste. Biggest benefit that this waste energy power plant gives is that we have a way to use alternative fuels to run cars and vehicles also. We can lower our dependence on basic fuel such as oil and gas. The rising prices and scarcity of oil and gas has turn the attention of the world towards the use of waste energy projects.Rawalpindi to have solid waste converter technologyRAWALPINDI, Jan 8 A private family was on Saturday given the task to generate fuel from garbage after buying it daily from the city government, with the hopes that Rawalpindi will have a pristine look.The Waste Management of Pakistan (WMP) was declared successful bidder to install the first solid waste converter technology in Rawalpindi, generating refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from municipal waste such as plastics and biodegradable items.A high-powered committee, chair ed by Commissioner Rawalpindi partitioning Zahid Saeed, and comprising DCO Rawalpindi Imdadullah Bosal, re indicateatives of preparation and cultivation (PD), Public Health Engineering (PHE) Department, and Urban Unit, Punjab (UUP) announce the WMP as successful company for installing RDF plant. Two companies- Maple Leaf Ltd and WMP- had submitted proposals originally the committee.Rawalpindis territory administration will sell garbage to the company at Rs50 per ton. The total generation of waste in Rawalpindi city is around 800 lashings daily, which means the district administration would earn Rs 40,000 a day once the company starts its operation.Mohammad Usman, a consultant of UUP, told Dawn that the cost of RDF plant was Rs80 meg and it can separate combustible wastes from non-combustible ones. Importantly it can convert the sinless garbage in the city into energy on daily basis with fertilizers as byproduct. Officials said the RDF plant would help reduce random presiden cy of garbage in the city besides helping the municipal government in timely lifting the trash from streets.It would be a major source of revenue for the local government on daily basis. The more the district government lifts garbage, the more would be its value. The company would daily pay money to the municipal agencies at transfer stations, Usman said. He said the garbage could be born-again into gas, burn, fertilizer, fuel and electricity on the pattern of plants installed in Iran and other European countries.The idea to install the RDF plant in Rawalpindi came after principal Minister Shahbaz Sharif visited Iranian city Mashad previous year where waste was converted into energy.The RDF is not only a source of energy and revenue but also helps maintain bettingliness in the city. The municipal authorities would now try to lift maximum quantity of garbage and the streets will remain clean round the clock, an official said.WIND ENERGY PROJECTA Project funded by Ministry of Sci ence Technology range Energy is clean renewable source of energy and is also the worlds fastest growing energy resource. Pakistan meteoric Department (PMD) with the financial collaboration of Ministry of Science Technology (MoST), has completed its project entitled undulate Power Potential Survey of Coastal Areas of Pakistan (Phase-I) in June 2005.Phase-II consisting of Wind Mapping of Northern Areas of Pakistan is own going since July 2005.The demand for energy has increased in tremendous proportions in the last few decades in Pakistan the same is expected to increase further in the coming years. The primary sources of energy available in Pakistan are oil, natural gas, hydro and nuclear Power. At present oil accounts for approximately 45% of total commercial energy supply. The share of natural gas is 34% while that of hydel power be roughly at 15%. The increase in cost of fogey fuel and the various environmental problems of large subdue power generation have lead to increas ed appreciation of the strength of electricity generation from non-conventional sources. This has provided the planners and economists to find out other low cost energy resources.Wind and Solar energies are the possible clean and low cost renewable resources available in the country. The potential, for the use of alternative technologies, has never been fully explored in Pakistan. Wind power provides opportunity to reduce dependence on import fossil fuel and at the same time expands the power supply capacity to remote locations where grid expansion is not practical.Recently conducted survey of Wind Power Potential along coastal areas of the country by Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), indicates that a potential exists for harvesting malarkey energy victimization currently available technologies, especially along Sindh coast.Gharo, one of the sites in Sindh where the wind data have been recorded and studied by PMD, has been selected for using the measured wind data the ann ual gross energy production by an 18 MW wind farm consisting of thirty 600 kW turbines will be 45 million kWh. Taking into account the wind turbine availability, web losses and wake effects in the wind farm the net annual energy production is estimated to 31 million kWh per year synonymic to a capacity factor of 28%.The total investment will be Rs 850 million and pay back period will be 7-8 years. The capital cost of wind power projects ranges Rs 4 to 5 crore per MW. This gives a levelised cost of wind energy generation in the range of Rs 2.50 to 3.00 per kWh, victorious into consideration the fiscal benefits extended by the government.Wind Power toilThere are two terms to describe basic electricity production.1.Efficiency,2.Capacity factor.Efficiencyrefers to how much useful energy (electricity, in this case) we can get from an energy source. A 100 percent energy in force(p) machine would change all the energy put into it into useful energy. It would not waste any energy. Th ere is no such thing as a 100 percent energy efficient machine. Some energy is always lost or wasted when one form of energy is converted to another. The lost energy is usually in the form of heat, which dissipates into the air and cannot be utilize again scotchly. How efficient are wind machines? Wind machines are just as efficient as most other plants, such as char plants. Wind machines convert 30-40 percent of the winds kinetic energy into electricity. A sear-fired power plant converts about 30-35 percent of the chemical substance energy in scorch into usable electricity.Capacityrefers to the capability of a power plant to produce electricity. A power plant with a 100 percent capacity rating would run all day, every day at full power. There would be no down time for repairs or refueling, an impossible goal for any plant. Coal plants typically have a 75 percent capacity rating since they can run day or night, during any season of the year.Wind power plants are different from power plants that burn fuel. Wind plants depend on the availability of wind, as well as the speed of the wind. Therefore, wind machines cannot act 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. A wind turbine at a typical wind farm operates 65-80 percent of the time, but usually at less than full capacity, because the wind speed is not at optimum levels. Therefore, its capacity factor is 30-35 percent. Economics also plays a large part in the capacity of wind machines. Winds machines can be strengthened that have much higher capacity factors, but it is not economical to do so. The decision is based on electricity output per dollar of investment.Capacity Factor, The annual energy output from a wind turbine is to look at the capacity factor for the turbine in its particular location. By capacity factor we mean its actual annual energy output shared by the theoretical maximum output, if the machine were running at its rated (maximum) power during all of the 8766 hours of the year.ExampleIf a 60 0 kW turbine produces 1.5 million kWh in a yearits capacity factor is = 1500000 (365.25 * 24 * 600) = 1500000 5259600 = 0.285 = 28.5 per cent.Capacity factors may theoretically vary from 0 to 100 per cent, but in practice they will usually range from 20 to 70 per cent, and mostly be around 25-30 percent.Pakistans first Wind Power PlantPakistan has a considerable potential of wind energy in the coastal belt of Sindh, Balochistan and as well as in the desert areas of Punjab and Sindh. This renewable source of energy has however, not so far been utilized significantly.So far, large wind turbines for power generation have not been installed in Pakistan. However, about 30 wind mills for pumping water have been installed for experimental purposes in different separate of Sindh and Balochistan.In addition to the development activities in wind energy field for on grid electricity production, the wind energy is also being utilize for the electrification of remote off grid villages in the so uthern coastal areas of Pakistan. So far more than 18 villages have been electrified using little wind turbines. Indigenous development of micro wind turbines has also commenced in Pakistan.Pakistans first ever Wind Power Plant of commercial scale was inaugurated by Prime Minister Syed Yousuf Raza Gilani on 19th April 2009 at Jhimpir, regularise Thatta, Sindh.PEACEFUL USES OF NUCLEAR ENERGY thermonuclear technology for peaceful purpose is traditionally divided into five partsMining and processing of nuclear raw materialsMining and processing of nuclear raw materials, the production of enriched uranium, the fabrication of nuclear fuel elements, the design construction and operation of nuclear reactors and fuel reprocessing.Use in agriculture, medicine, industry, biology and hydrologyApart from the use of nuclear energy to produce electricity from power reactors, it has also been used extensively in agriculture, medicine, industry, biology and hydrology. Radiation is finding widesp read use, like to improve the present varieties of fruit, vegetables and crops. The radiations given out by atomic reactors are sometimes used for the treatment of diseases like cancer. These radiations are also used to kill chanceful germs and insects in foods and cultivated fields.For the good of societyThe peaceful application of nuclear energy is one of several factors contributing to the process usually draw as automation, more precisely perhaps the process of rationalization, or the conjugation of science and production in industry. Scientists have started using it for the good of society.Nuclear energy can be used for destruction as well as for constructionNuclear energy can be used for destruction as well as for construction. The world needs nuclear power and will need it more in the years to come. We can see the nuclear applications in industry, nuclear radiations and radioactive materials are providing more accurate control in the production of better and cheaper things .Produce electricity on a very large scaleAnother thing where Pakistan is lacking behind is the electricity. Nuclear energy can help is the supply of cheap electricity. Small amounts of radioactive materials are used in these plants to produce electricity on a very large scale. It can help in easy generation and regeneration of water to produce electricity. The beaver use of the nuclear energy is in the field of medical sciences, the diseases of the thyroid gland have been classified with the use of radio iodine which the gland absorbs far more easily. Other countries are also making efforts to produce electricity at cheap rates from atomic power plants.COAL TO modernize ENERGYCoal is the cheapest and the most common fuel used directly or indirectly to produce electricity and heat in the world today. Global blacken consumption was about 6.7 billion haemorrhoid in 2006 and is expected to increase 48% to 9.98 billion tons by 2030, concord to the US Energy Information Administrati on (EIA). China produced 2.38 billion tons in 2006. India produced about 447.3 million tons and Pakistan mined only about 8 million tons in 2006. 68.7% of Chinas electricity comes from char. The United States consumes about 14% of the world total, using 90% of it for generation of electricity. The U.S. burn-fired plants have over 300 GW of capacity.Thar desert region in Pakistan is endowed with one of the largest sear reserves in the world. Discovered in early 1990s, the Thar coal has not yet been developed to produce usable energy. With the devastating increases in merchandise oil bill and the growing shortages of gas and electricityin the country, the coal development is finally beginning to get the attention it deserves. Coal contributes about 20% of the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions but it is the cheapest fuel available, gibe toPew Centeron Global Climate Change. It can provide usable energy at a cost of between $1 and $2 per MMBtu compared to $6 to $12 per MMBtu for o il and natural gas, and coal prices are relatively stable. Coal is inherently higher-polluting and more carbon-intensive than other energy alternatives. However, coal is so inexpensive that one can spend quite a bit on pollution control and still maintain coals matched position.It does seem that Pakistan is finally getting serious about utilizing its vast coal resources to produce electricity and gas. Talking recently with GeoTVs Hamid Mir, Pepco Managing Director Tahir Basharat Cheema shared the following list of coal projects being launched1. The Sind Government has awarded a 1200 MW project to straighten up Thar coal and produce electricity to Engro Power.2. A similar 1200 MW project is being undertaken by Pepco in Thar. The Pepco project also includes a 700 Km transmittance line to connect Thar plants with the national grid.3. An experimental project for subway coal gasification is being built by Pakistani nuclear scientist Dr. Mubarakmand to tap underground coal to produce 50 MW.4. Another experimental 50 MW project using pressure coal gasification is planned by Pepco.Thar Coal Power Project Pakistan, Gasifications and DepositsToday Pakistan is facing severe shortage of energy and electricity.Pakistan energy crisis and its solutionis much debated issue in Pakistan and coal is important part of that debate. Pakistan is not using coal for the energy production and only 1% of energy is obtained from coal. Overall theglobal share of coal in power generation is 38%, the share of coal in energy production of China is 72% while 56% for India and more than 59% for US.Coal is found in all four provinces of Pakistan and especially Sindh has huge reserves of coal located in Lakhra, Sondra, Thar and Badin. The Thar coal deposits alone estimated at 185 billion tones.Thar coal deposits were discovered in 1992 and it is irony that even after 18 years Pakistan fails to use this great source of energy production. Bureaucratic red tapism and centre-province tussles are mainreasons of failure of Thar coal Pakistan project.The only viable project so far remains the coal-based 450 MW power plant in Lakhra. Lakhra coal Development Company has 44 mines fully developed.RecentlyDr. Mubarakmand who is appointed the member of Planning Commission of Pakistanlaunched the UndergroundCoal GasificationUCG project for the conversion of underground coal into gas without bringing it above ground. Coal gas will be used to generate electricity which is badly needed in country.ButThar coal depositswill take another three to four years before they start generating electricity. With initial projects Pakistan can produce over 10,000 MW of electricity for 30 years and this capacity can be enhanced up to the 50,000 MW in future.Critics ofThar coal projectsays that the quality of coal is not good and due to this inferior quality of Thar coal it is not possible to generate electricity. Their other objection is that soil of those areas is also not suitable and can cause man y technical problems.Thar coal project is of great brilliance for Pakistan. The electricity produced from the Thar coal project will cause only rupees 4 per unit and it will drastically improve the situation of electricity in country.Although due to climate change now world is against the coal-based power generation but major world powers are using coal as major source of energy generation. Pakistan can still opt for coal-fired power plants because it is not a big polluter and its contributions to gas emissions are hardly one per cent.Coal reserves in Pakistanare huge andcoal gasification in Pakistanin new phenomenon which can help Pakistan to come out of this energy crisis.HYDRO POWERThe most frequent way using in Pakistan is the hydro power, as electricity is one of the major problem now a day for Pakistan, because most of the business and other factory work or local work is done with the help of electricity. So its a major source of energy for the Pakistan and hydro power is on e of the important and frequently used method used by Pakistan for the production of the electricity.Hydro power is generated by using electricity generators to extract energy from moving water. Historically people used the power of rivers for agriculture and wheat grinding. Today, rivers and streams are re-directed through hydro generators to produce energy, although there arepros and consas far as local ecosystems are concerned. The articles on this pageboy explore the use of water to generate electricity.SolutionsShort term solutionSolution of current losses in the system is 24%The methodology that will provide immediate relief is the conservation and judicious use of whatever little energy is being produced in the country. The current losses in the system are 24% of the total power generated. These include losses incurred during transmission and distribution as well as due to theft. Wasteful consumption such as businesses remaining open till late at night and unnecessarily bri ghtly lit also contribute to losses. By reducing these to 10 % we can save up to 300 MW of energy. The government should enforce shutting down businesses and forbidding excessive and unnecessary lighting during late hours. Zoning should be enforced in cities.Power switched off at scheduled hours in market districtMarket zones can have their power switched off (load sh