Outline and essay of Thomas Jefferson Essay

doubting Thomas JeffersonI. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1836)II. A. Education- Was sent to D over, Virginia, where he studied Latin with sacred William Douglas until 1757. He was then sent to the school of the Reverend James Maury at Hanover, Virginia, and spent two years studying Greek and Latin classics, history, literature, geography, and natural science. In March 1760 Jefferson entered the College of William and Mary. B. Occupational Background- 1767- Jefferson admitted to the practice of law and became a successful lawyer. Also supervised the Shadwell Plantation. Was a appendage of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Took an active part in events that lead to the American Revolution. 1776- Jefferson took his seat in Congress as an elected delegate and wrote the Declaration of Independence. Served as Secretary of State under Washington and Vice chairwoman under Madison.III. Served two terms (1800-1808)IV. Key issues prominent in Election- federal government vs. assures rights, west fig htd expansion of the terra firma, Native Americans, the freedom of lower class white men.V. OpponentsA. First Election (1800)- Aaron bur (Democratic-Republican), John Adams (Federalist), Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist), John Jay (Federalist)B. Second Election (1804)- Charles C. Pinckney (Federalist)VI. Vice PresidentA. 1st term vice- Aaron take awayB. second term vice- George ClintonVII. Political Party of Jefferson- Democratic-RepublicanVIII. Domestic HappeningsA. atomic number 57 Purchase (1803)- The Louisiana Territory was grease ones palmsd for 15 billion dollars from France. Doubled the size of U.S. secured navigation rights on the multiple sclerosis River. Authorized purchase without making amendment, exercised the chairs implied powers to protect the nation.B. 12th Amendment (1804)- Citizens are to vote for President and Vice President separately. Prevented future electoral crises.C. Non-Importation knead (1807)- prohibited importation from Great Britain of cloth and metal articles.D. Embargo Act (1807)- Stopped shipments of food and other American products to foreign ports. Many were thrown out of work because of it. Was bring ond to mention U.S. neutrality. Created as a short-run measure to prevent confrontation in the midst of American merchant vessels and British and French warships and to put obligate on France and England.E. Non- Intercourse Act (1809)- passed by Jefferson in his last days of office. Reopened trade with all nations besides Britain and France, and authorized the professorship to resume trade with Britain or France if either of them ceased to violate neutral rights.IX. Foreign insurance Decisions- Stated under domestic happenings.X. Major Conflict of Administration-A. tripoli War (1801-05)- A conflict between the joined States and Tripoli, incited by American refusal to continue payment of tri besidese to the piratical rulers of the North African Barbary States of Algiers, Tunis, Morocco, and Tripoli. conglomerate North Africa, was extension of fight about protection frompirates in Barbary States.B. Marbury v. Madison (1803)- Supreme Court of the United States established its authority to review and invalidate government actions that conflict with the Constitution of the United States. First term that the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress to be unconstitutional. Established Judicial Review.C. Burr Hamilton duel (1804)- Hamilton publicly criticized Burr, Burr demanded for an apology and a duel resulted. Hamilton was fatally wounded.D. Republicans attack the federalist judiciary (1804)- Republicans were making any effort to remove federalist judges from power. The house was unable to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase. bear on the Courts independence and established the cause that criminal actions were the only grounds for impeachment.E. The Chesapeake Incident (1807)- British ship fired upon American ship that refused to be searched for deserters. Three Americans were kill ed, and eighteen wounded British seized intravenous feeding deserters, three were American citizens. Exposed American military weakness and increased the impact of impressments on the public. Would be the cause of Embargo Act.XI. Major Social Changes-A. Peoples involvement in Politics increased. 90 percent of eligible voters cast ballots between 1804 and 1816. Political barbeques states, and new style of campaigning evolved.B. Slave revolutionist ideas began.C. American Art began to take shape.1. Rembrandt Peale was one of most famous of first American artists. Was famous for his portraits of American presidents.XII. Major Inventions and Technological AdvancementsA. Robert Fultons invention the Steamboat, Clermont(1807) makes its debutXIII.Thomas Jefferson was a fairly good president and receives an overall rating of 6.5. His decisions and ideas were sometimes wise and sometimes foolish.Jeffersons main goals were to restore government to its circumscribed role, to extend the Rep ublicans power in the federal government, to establish republican virtues such as independence, self-reliance, and equality, and to trim the National debt as a good call for as possible. He as well as wanted to expand the nation and make it as powerful as possible. Like the presidents before him, he also wanted to maintain neutrality, undisturbed commerce, and no entangling alliances. Adams accomplished some of these goals. Initially, the national debt was decreased. Congress repealed all internal taxes, including the Whiskey Tax. Jefferson also declined to use the disaffect and Sedition Acts against his opponents, and coition allowed both acts to expire. The Naturalization Act was also replaced with a much little severe one.He refused to recognize any of the appointments Adams made in the last days of his presidency, and awarded inactive treasury and judicial offices to republicans. He succeeded in his goal and got rid of the old Federalist programs he didnt like. As for ex pansion, the purchase of the Louisiana Territory allowed Jefferson to achieve exactly what he had dreamed of. It also prevented war with France, over the Mississippi River. Accomplishing this goal however, contradicted his goal of eliminating the National debt and strictly abiding by the Constitution.Jeffersons cabinet include Aaron Burr (1801) and George Clinton (1805-1809) as Vice president, James Madison as Secretary of State (1801-1809), Secretary of the exchequer Samuel Dexter (1801) and Albert Gallatin (1801-1809), Secretary of War Henry Dearborn (1801-1809), and Secretary of Navy Robert Smith(1801-1809). Albert Gallatin was one of Jeffersons bestappointments. Gallatin worked to attention achieve Jeffersons goals in National budget. He cut the army budget in half(a) and reduced the 1802 Navy budget by two-thirds. Gallatin moved to reduce the national debt from 83 million to 57 million. Robert Smith also had a significant influence. He oversaw the Navy that blockaded Tripoli to win the Tripoli war and also forced the Algiers and Tunis to renounce attacks against Americans. The president chose his cabinet because he believed they were the most fitted and wanted to achieve the same things he did. This was true for the most part, and his cabinet was on his side.The president and relation back got along very well. The Republicans were in majority throughout his presidency so Jefferson had no problems with congress. When Jefferson declined using the Alien and Sedition Acts congress let them expire. Congress repealed the Naturalization Act, and created a new one that required less for citizenship. Congress also repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801, so Jefferson could appoint a Supreme Court member. Jefferson controlled congress through his leadership of the Republican Party. It was firmly on Jeffersons side and did everything it could to further the republican interest.Jefferson had to deal with domestic and foreign crises. The nations had built up a large de bt, which could be called a crisis. Jefferson wanted to reduce the debt as much as possible. At first, he did do this by cutting funding. But with the purchase of the Louisiana Territory the debt only increased. In the seas, Jefferson was faced with a number of problems. Britain was practicing impressments. Senate passed the non-importation act but he suspended it in hopes of a negotiation settlement. Negotiations were unsuccessful so nothing changed. At the time the impressments of sailors wasnt considered a crisis, but the Chesapeake affair made everyone aware. In reaction, Jefferson did not declare war, because he knew Britain had a topping Navy. Instead, he closed American waters to the British, and issued the Non-importation and Embargo Act. War may have been avoided, but by closing all American ports Jefferson created his own new crises. Smuggling resulted and the American economy plummeted.By government issue the Embargo Act, he hurt his own nation more then his intended ta rgets, Great Britain andFrance. ire was also created throughout New England, and talk of succession started. To deal with this crisis he created, Jefferson issued the Non-Intercourse Act. The new Act solve the problems created by the trade embargo, but didnt prevent any of the same problems that prompted it. The issuing of these acts was by far the presidents greatest failure. Although it was a failure, some good did come out of it. Americas industries grew. interdict to trade, Americans had to make their own products. The Embargo precipitated the Industrial Revolution. For Jefferson, the crises he dealt with are ones hed rather forget.A minor crisis which Jefferson had to deal with was Aaron Burrs conspiracy, the details of which are still unknow, either to establish an independent republic in the Louisiana Territory or to launch an invasion of Spanish-held Mexico. Jefferson acted swiftly to arrest Burr early in 1807 and brought him to trial for treason. Jefferson is not cogn ize as a good president for how he dealt with crises, it is the opposite. As for his accomplishments, the Louisiana Purchase was his greatest success. The territory was vast and benefited the nation in many ways. non only was war avoided, but a mass amount of land was acquired. Navigation on the Mississippi River was also gained, which was extremely important for trade. This accomplishment was perhaps one of the greatest of any president and presidency in American History.Thomas Jefferson was greatly respected by the people of his day. He was well known as a revolutionary leader and as the author of the Declaration of Independence. He was also known and respected as the governor of Virginia. He truly served the people, and was the first president to lead a semipolitical party. Jefferson was a leader, and everyone who knew of him saw him as one.Jefferson was frugal, simple, and fickle. From the beginning, Jefferson made it clear that he wanted to represent the average American, h ostile the other presidents before him, he dressed plainly, even at his inauguration. He was frugal in that he cut spending as much as possible, internal taxes were reduced and the military budget was cut, with the exception of the Louisiana Purchase. He was fickle in that he did not hesitate in buying the Louisiana Territory, using Federal power. Jefferson was known to believe in strict interpretation of the Constitution and it did not state that the presidenthad the authority to acquire new territory and integrate it into the nation.The president and his administration influenced decisions made by future administrations. Jeffersons decision to exercise the implied powers the president has to protect the nation set a precedent for future presidents. Many things Jefferson and his administration did also affected the lives of future generations. The purchase of the Louisiana territory would create a whole new group of people, called frontiersman. People would settle into the area and live new lives. acquire the territory, although causing further debt, was the best thing for the country. It would end up being an excellent investment. Jeffersons embargo act, also had a dramatic affect on the future.He did not know at the time, but the embargo Act would enhance Americas industries, and start a whole new trend. When the president made his decisions they were thought through, although not always good ones. The decisions Jefferson made in foreign affairs were generally correct, because the nation was not ready for war and to stay neutral was the best thing. But Jefferson should have avoided war by using methods other than economic pressure. Jefferson was fairly-open minded and would listen to others. Its hard to say simply how open-minded he was, because his cabinet and congress agreed with him on just about everything.Overall, Thomas Jefferson was a good president. Although his results were far from perfect at times, his intentions were good.